scholarly journals Modern principles of the radiation protection from sources of ionizing radiation in medicine. Part 1: Trends, structure of x-ray diagnostics and doses from medical exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. Onischenko ◽  
A. Yu. Popova ◽  
I. K. Romanovich ◽  
A. V. Vodovatov ◽  
N. S. Bashketova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Radiation Protection ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Collective Dose ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Exposure

Implementation of modern highly informative methods of X-ray diagnostics (computed tomography, interventional examinations, nuclear medicine), associated with the increase of doses to the public and patients, requires the development and improvement of the existing system of the radiation protection from medical exposure. Despite the prevalence of the traditional imaging modalities in the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation (radiography and fluorography compose up to 95% out of 280 mln. X-ray examinations performed in 2017), the major contribution into the collective dose from medical exposure is due to the computed tomography (50,5%). Comparison of the structure of X-ray diagnostics in the Russian Federation with European Union indicates the absence of fluorography examinations and significantly (up to a factor of 5) higher contribution of computed tomography in European countries. An average collective dose from medical exposure in European countries is composed of 80% of computed tomography and of 10% of nuclear medicine; a mean effective dose per X-ray examination are higher up to a factor of 3 compared to Russia. The analysis of the trends of the development of the X-ray diagnostic in the Russian Federation allows predicting a further increase of the number of computer tomography, interventional and nuclear medicine examinations as well as an increase of the collective dose from medical exposure up to a factor of two in the  next decade. This will be associated with changes in the structure of the X-ray diagnostics and an increase of the mean effective doses from X-ray examinations.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT OF STRUCTURE AND COLLECTIVE DOSE FROM CT EXAMINATIONS RELATED TO COVID-19 DIAGNOSTICS IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION IN MARCH -JUNE 2020

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandr Vodovatov ◽  
Ivan K Romanovich ◽  
Olga A Istorik ◽  
Lyudmila A Eremina ◽  
Sergey Morozov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Chest Ct ◽  
Preliminary Assessment ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Collective Dose ◽  
Reliable Assessment ◽  
Medical Facilities ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Operative Assessment

The use of computed tomography (CT) for the diagnostics of COVID-19 in the Russian Federation led to significant changes in the structure of X-ray diagnostics and levels of medical exposure of the patients. This study was aimed at the preliminary operative assessment of changes in the structure and collective dose from CT examinations in several representative hospitals, regions and on the level of the Russian Federation. The results of the study indicate that during the transformation of hospitals from general medical practice into dedicated COVID-19 facilities, the number of CT examinations increased up to 30%; the collective dose from CT exams increased up to a factor of 1.5. During a partial transformation of a medical facility into the hospital with separate COVID-19 departments, the increase in the number of CT examinations in the facility was more significant (up to a factor of 2 or more). These numbers correspond to 1.5 - 2.5 chest CT examinations (from 1 to 6) per patient admitted to hospital with COVID-19 diagnosis; and 1.2 chest CT examinations per patient in outpatient facilities, including a mandatory CT scan for the staging of COVID-19. The collective dose from CT examinations in the Russian Federation for March-June period of 2020 increased by the factor of 2 (from 16k man-Sv to 32k man-Sv); the collective dose of COVID-19 patients was about 12k man-Sv. For a more detailed and reliable assessment of the dynamics of changes in the structure of diagnostic radiology and levels of radiation exposure of patients in the Russian Federation, data collection in the regions of the Russian Federation and individual medical facilities will continue.

THE PROGRESSIVE PHENOTYPE OF PNEUMOCONIOSIS

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y.Y. Gorblyansky ◽  
◽  
M.A. Panova ◽  
O.P. Ponamareva
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Silicon Dioxide ◽  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Examination ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Radiological Parameters ◽  
Rostov Region ◽  
The Russian Federation

Abstract: The prevalence of progressive forms of pneumoconiosis in the Russian Federation has been little studied. At the same time, the number of workers exposed to silicon dioxide, both in our country and abroad, is not decreasing. The purpose of our research to determine the criteria for the progression of pneumoconiosis in miners. A retrospective analysis of the results of a comprehensive medical examination of 150 miners of the Rostov region, observed in the center of occupational pathology, was carried out. All patients underwent radiography, computed tomography of the chest organs, and spirometry. X-ray description of the changes was carried out in accordance with the recommendations of the ILO. As a result, 24.5% had statistically significant signs of negative dynamics of functional and radiological indicators, which we referred to the criteria of progression. Thus, the progression of pneumoconiosis is determined by the negative dynamics of clinical and radiological parameters.

scholarly journals Trends in the doses of the population of the Russian Federation in 2003–2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 96-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anatoly N. Barkovsky ◽  
Anzhelika A. Bratilova ◽  
Tatyana A. Kormanovskaya ◽  
Ruslan R. Akhmatdinov ◽  
Rustam R. Akhmatdinov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
Information Bulletin ◽  
Group A ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Group B

In the last years radiation-hygienic passportization and Joint state system of control and accounting of the individual doses of the citizens have become a trusted source of the validated data on the state of the radiation safety in the Russian Federation and have become the basis of the Russian system of the information provision of the radiation safety. Annual analysis of that data is presented in the annual information bulletin “Doses of the population of the Russian Federation”. The current study is focused on the analysis of the data from the information bulletins to evaluate the trends in the doses of the Russian population from main sources of ionizing exposure in 2003–2018. It is indicated that the mean annual doses from man-made exposure of the group A staff in that period varies from 1,0–1,4 mSv per year, group B – 0,65–0,8 mSv per year. The number of exceedances of the annual dose limits from group A staff varied from 5 to 52 per year; for group B – 0–22 per year. For the whole investigated period there were only three cases of the exceedance of the 50 mSv annual individual dose for group A staff and four cases of the exceedance of the 12,5 mSv annual effective dose for group B staff. Mean effective dose per X-ray examination in 2006–2013 was decreasing from 0,56 mSv to 0,26 mSv and started to slowly increase leading to 0,29 mSv in 2018. The same trends were identified for the mean dose from medical exposure per citizen: reduction in 2003-2013 from 0,86 mSv to 0,45 mSv with the subsequent increase up to 0,56 mSv. The biggest contributor for the dose from medical exposure is computed tomography: the number of CT examinations increased from 1,3 mln in 2003 to 11,7 mln in 2018; contribution to the collective dose – from 5,7% to 54%. Mean annual effective doses from natural exposure of the population of the Russian regions varied from 1,6 to 15,1 mSv per year with the mean value for Russia of 3,11 – 3,79 mSv/year. The highest mean annual doses exceeding 5 mSv in each year were observed in Republic of Altay, Jewish Independent Region, Stavropol and Zabaikalskiy Krai, Republic of Tyva and Irkutsk region. Total effective doses exceeding 10 mSv/year were observed in Republic of Altay and Jewish Independent Region. For ten subjects of the Russain Federation (Republics of Buryatia, Altay, Tyva, Stavropol and Zabaikalskiy Krai, Irkutsk and Chita regions, Jewish Independent Region, Aginsko-Buryatskiy and Ust’-Ordinskiy independent districts) they exceed 5 mSv/year for the whole assessed period.

scholarly journals Analysis of patient medical exposure in X-ray diagnostics in Russia for half a century (1970–2019)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 60-75
Author(s):  
S. A. Kalnitsky ◽  
N. V. Tselikov
Keyword(s):  
Effective Dose ◽  
Radiation Safety ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Safety Issues ◽  
Radiation Sources ◽  
Medical Diagnostic ◽  
Effective Doses ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medical Exposure ◽  
Observation Period

During last 50 years, firstly in the RSFSR in the USSR (1970-80), then in the Russian Federation - RF (1990-2019), the authors studied the radiation safety issues of patients from medical exposure. The reader is offered a complex radiation-hygienic analysis of the 50-year medical exposure of patients and of the population in Russia to inform and analyze the available data on the most common type of use of ionizing radiation sources in the national economy. For a half century, several generations of people have changed and medical diagnostic X-ray equipment and technologies have also radically changed. The information from this article was obtained on the basis of radiation-hygienic statistics, as well as considered our research. The data is presented at the federal level in the form of the volume of research carried out- determined by the number of X-ray procedures, as well as the level of medical exposure in the form of effective dose of patients in Russia - a huge region with a population of about 150 million people, where about 200 million X-Ray procedures were performed annually, i.e. about 10 billion X-Ray procedures for the entire observation period. During the study, a collective effective dose was - 6.5 million person-Sv at the rate of 100 thousand person-Sv and more per year. The paper presents the dynamics and the structure of the studied indicators depending on the type of medical exposure, as well as its localization. The contribution of the X-ray diagnostics to the total volume of radiation diagnostics, which is developing dynamically, is presented. It was found that throughout the study, there were two oppositely directed processes: an increase in the number of X-Ray procedures and a decrease in the effective doses of patients. At present, the minimum dose has been reached, after that it has been increasing began, associated with the use of new computer technologies. It was determined that, depending on the localization, the main radiation load during X-ray procedures falls on the skeleton and digestive organs. It is shown that during the study period (in 1986) there was an accident at the Chernobyl, which significantly affected on medical activities and, in particular, X-ray diagnostic indicators. The paper shows the consequences of these situations. In general, the data presented is huge in volume and significant in information content. The information obtained on the basis of such a unique data is representative and allows, firstly, to analytically study the issues of radiation protection of patients and, secondly, to plan the strategy and tactics of its development.

Requesting physicians’ knowledge of X-radiation exposure from computed tomography scan examinations: A case study of two Nigerian tertiary hospitals

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Samson O. Paulinus ◽  
Benjamin E. Udoh ◽  
Bassey E. Archibong ◽  
Akpama E. Egong ◽  
Akwa E. Erim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Ct Scan ◽  
Radiation Exposure ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Radiation Risk ◽  
Radiological Protection ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Tertiary Hospitals ◽  
Medical Exposure

Objective: Physicians who often request for computed tomography (CT) scan examinations are expected to have sound knowledge of radiation exposure (risks) to patients in line with the basic radiation protection principles according to the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP), the Protection of Persons Undergoing Medical Exposure or Treatment (POPUMET), and the Ionizing Radiation (Medical Exposure) Regulations (IR(ME)R). The aim is to assess the level of requesting physicians’ knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations in two Nigerian tertiary hospitals. Materials and Methods: An 18-item-based questionnaire was distributed to 141 practicing medical doctors, excluding radiologists with work experience from 0 to >16 years in two major teaching hospitals in Nigeria with a return rate of 69%, using a voluntary sampling technique. Results: The results showed that 25% of the respondents identified CT thorax, abdomen, and pelvis examination as having the highest radiation risk, while 22% said that it was a conventional chest X-ray. Furthermore, 14% concluded that CT head had the highest risk while 9% gave their answer to be conventional abdominal X-ray. In addition, 17% inferred that magnetic resonance imaging had the highest radiation risk while 11% had no idea. Furthermore, 25.5% of the respondents have had training on ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations while 74.5% had no training. Majority (90%) of the respondents were not aware of the ICRP guidelines for requesting investigations with very little (<3%) or no knowledge (0%) on the POPUMET and the IR(ME)R respectively. Conclusion: There is low level of knowledge of ionizing radiation from CT scan examinations among requesting physicians in the study locations.

scholarly journals MODERN PROBLEMS OF MICROFINANCE OF SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES UNDER RUSSIAN CONDITIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-16
Author(s):  
Н. Л. Баламирзоев ◽  
Н. С. Суракатов
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Foreign Experience ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Medium Enterprises

В статье рассмотрены особенности микрофинансирования малых и средних предприятий. Особое внимание уделено зарубежному опыту микрофинансирования в ведущих европейских странах, США и Китае. Также в статье обозначены проблемы, которые препятствуют активному использованию преимуществ микрофинансирования в Российской Федерации. The article discusses the features of microfinancing of small and medium enterprises. Particular attention is paid to foreign experience in microfinancing in leading European countries, USA and China. The article also identifies problems that hinder the active use of the benefits of microfinance in the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ТЕСТИРОВАНИЯ БЕСПИЛОТНОГО АВТОТРАНСПОРТА: ОПЫТ ЕВРОПЫ

2020 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Roman I. Dremliuga ◽  
Andrey A. Yakovenko
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Autonomous Vehicles ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Motor Transport ◽  
The Russian Federation

Развитие технологий автономного автотранспорта является одним из приоритетов в технологическом развитии Российской Федерации. Несмотря на прогресс в данной сфере, вряд ли можно говорить о значимых успехах России во внедрении использования автономного транспорта на дорогах общего пользования. В основе данного исследования лежит утверждение, что правовой режим является либо катализатором, либо замедляющим фактором развития сферы автономного автотранспорта. Цель исследования – провести анализ правовых норм в сфере тестирования и эксплуатации автономного автотранспорта в Европе. Авторы полагают, что исследуемые европейские страны имеют достаточно проработанную нормативную базу в данной сфере, поэтому их опыт может быть полезен в разработке и модификации российской правовой базы для регулирования отношений в сфере использования автономного автотранспорта. Задачи исследования: а) определить нормативную базу, связанную с регулированием отношений по тестированию и эксплуатации автономных транспортных средств; б) выявить позицию лидирующих европейских стран, связанную с вопросами необходимости регулирования таких отношений; в) оценить перспективы возможности заимствования положительной практики регулирования рассматриваемой сферы общественных отношений в правовую действительность Российской Федерации. Методологической основой исследования послужили диалектический метод познания, общенаучные методы абстрагирования, анализа и синтеза, а также специальные юридические методы (сравнительно-правовой, логико-юридический и др.). В статье делается вывод, что в процессе создания нормативно правовой базы власти стремятся детально урегулировать исследуемую область общественных отношений. Рассмотренные страны имеют практически схожую модель регулирования, с жёсткими нормативными рамками. Авторы полагают, что некоторые ограничения являются неблагоприятными для развития сектора цифровой экономики. Тем не менее, опыт европейских стран может быть использован в России в первую очередь для определения проблемных точек регулирования и организации контроля за тестированием и использованием автономного автотранспорта. Ключевые слова: Европейский Союз, регулирование тестирования автономного автотранспорта, беспилотный автотранспорт, цифровая экономика, искусственный интеллект, кибербезопасность, распознавание образов, киберправо, беспилотные транспортные средства, цифровая трансформации, умные вещи, умный город, сравнительное правоведение, сравнительный анализ, новый технологический уклад, право Нидерландов, право Германии, право Великобритании, право информационных технологий, право ИТ. The development of unmanned (autonomous) vehicle technologies is one of the strategic priorities of the Russian Federation. Despite a great deal of attention to this area, one can hardly speak of any significant success of Russia in introducing the use of autonomous vehicles on public roads. This study is based on the assumption that the legal regime is a catalyst or a deterrent to the development of autonomous motor transport or a deterrent to the development of the autonomous motor transport sector. The aim of the study is to analyze the legal norms in the field of testing and operation of autonomous road transport in Europe. The authors believe that the studied European countries have a sufficiently developed regulatory system in this area; therefore, their experience can be useful in developing and modifying the Russian legal framework to regulate the use of autonomous road transport. The objectives of the study are as follows: a) to define the regulatory framework related to the regulation of relations in the testing and operation of autonomous vehicles; b) to identify the position of the leading European countries related to the issues of the need for regulation and its limits; c) to assess the prospects for the possibility of taking the positive practice of regulation of the considered sphere of social relations into the legal reality of the Russian Federation. The dialectical method of cognition, general scientific methods of abstraction, analysis and synthesis, as well as special legal methods (comparative legal, logical-legal, etc.) served as the methodological basis for the research. The article concludes that in the process of creating a legal system the authorities seek to regulate in detail the area of public relations under study. The countries under study have almost similar model of regulation with rigid normative frameworks. The authors believe that some restrictions are unfavorable for the development of digital economy sectors. Nevertheless, the experience of European countries can be used in Russia first of all to identify problem points of regulation and organization of control over testing and use of autonomous motor vehicles.

CONTEMPORARY COLLECTIVE EFFECTIVE DOSE TO THE POPULATION FROM X-RAY AND NUCLEAR MEDICINE EXAMINATIONS—CHANGES OVER LAST 10 YEARS IN FINLAND

2020 ◽  
Vol 189 (3) ◽  
pp. 318-322
Author(s):  
Ritva Bly ◽  
Hannu Järvinen ◽  
Sampsa Kaijaluoto ◽  
Verneri Ruonala
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Medicine ◽  
Effective Dose ◽  
Plain Radiography ◽  
Conversion Factors ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Weighting Factors ◽  
Effective Doses

Abstract Contemporary collective effective doses to the population from x-ray and nuclear medicine examinations in Finland in 2018 was estimated. The estimated effective dose per caput from x-ray examinations increased from year 2008 to 2018 respectively from 0.45 mSv to 0.72 mSv and from nuclear medicine examinations from 0.03 mSv to 0.04 mSv. The proportional dose due to CT examinations of the total collective effective dose from all x-ray examinations increased from 58% in 2008 to 70% in 2018 and the dose did not change substantially in total when new conversion factors were applied. The collective effective dose from conventional plain radiography did not change substantially during the last ten years while the new (ICRP 103) tissue weighting factors were taken into use in 2018, however frequencies of examinations in total decreased. The collective effective dose from CT in nuclear medicine tripled between 2009 and 2018.

scholarly journals Principles and Criteria of Phytocenotic Diversity Conservation (Through the Example of European Countries and Russia)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
T M Lysenko ◽  
A V Ivanova ◽  
N V Kostina ◽  
T N Davidenko ◽  
V M Vasiukov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Communities ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Rare Plant ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Vegetation Monitoring ◽  
Determination Process ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Creation

The article presents the review of currently existing views on the problem of phytocoenotic diversity protection in European countries and Russia. The principles and criteria for the identification of rare plant communities in need of protection, used by scientists from different countries are described. The authors had defined already published works of a monographic nature and projects, containing the information on the phytocenotic diversity of Europe in need of protection, and Green Books, published in the Russian Federation. Special attention is paid to the determination process of plant communities. It is noted that nowadays there is no single concept for the creation of Green Books. The phytocenosis protection inventories created in European countries that have a legislative basis, the Russian Green Books include vegetation monitoring data and have no legal basis.

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