Pollution From Commercial Vessels Machinery Space Bilges

Over the past decade, the United States Coast Guard Sector Southeastern New England (SENE) along with state and local partner agencies in the New Bedford, Massachusetts area have been attempting to understand commercial vessel's inability to comply with the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) regarding oily bilge waste and proper disposal options. The regulations have been in effect since 1983 requiring oceangoing vessels of less than 400 gross tons to have the capacity to retain all oily mixtures onboard or install an approved oily water separator (OWS) equipment for processing oily mixtures from bilges. New Bedford, MA is the homeport to over 400 commercial fishing vessels within a 2 square mile port area. The circumstances in New Bedford are considered to be representative of most ports for vessels less than 400 gross tons nationwide. Sector SENE has used various mechanisms to educate the local commercial vessel fleet owners and operators. The education includes the issuance of Marine Safety Information Bulletin 03-18 by Coast Guard Headquarters (United States Coast Guard, 2018). In 2012, the Partner Agency - Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection created and funded the Bilge-Pump-Out Program. This voluntary program provides commercial vessels with free oily bilge waste disposal services. Previously, there was no established “permanent” solution to the pervasive oily discharge problem and bad practice of illegally disposing of oily waste directly from commercial vessel bilges overboard into U.S. navigable waterways. In conjunction with local authorities having jurisdiction, Sector SENE began a focused pollution prevention and enforcement effort. Several pollution cases were forwarded to the Department of Justice (DOJ) and fines of over 1 million dollars have been issued for the illegal practices. The culmination of educational outreach, surge operations and coordinated interagency efforts have led to the initial levels of compliance.

Wyroki sądów specjalnych Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego na żołnierzach ZWZ-AK i kolaborantach z terenu Obszaru Lwowskiego w latach 1940-1943

JUDGMENTS OF THE SPECIAL COURTS OF THE POLISH UNDERGROUND STATE REGARDING SOLDIERS OF THE UNION OF ARMED STRUGGLE – THE HOME ARMY (ZWZ-AK) AND COLLABORATIONISTS FROM THE LVIV AREA IN 1940-1943 The present article aims to analyse the functioning of the underground judiciary during World War II, primarily in relation to people associated with the Lviv area of the ZWZ-AK in 1940-1943. First, the article presents the development of Special Courts of the ZWZ, and then as Special Military Courts. In addition, legal regulations in the field of court proceedings and adjudication of criminal sanctions are discussed. The main part of the work, based on the Files of Military Special Courts from the collections of the Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw, describes exemplary court proceedings against members of the armed underground from Area No. 3 of the ZWZ-AK in Lviv, against whom the death penalty was imposed. Moreover, based on one of the underground publications, “Information Bulletin of the Czerwieński Region”, the decisions of the Judging Commissions for Civil Combat in the matter of minor offenses and crimes committed by civilians are discussed.

„Biuletyn Informacyjny” żołnierzy 27 Wołyńskiej Dywizji Piechoty Armii Krajowej jako świadectwo wspomnień walk i głos pamięci o losach ofiar ludobójstwa – analiza zawartości treści i struktury kwartalnika

“INFORMATION BULLETIN” OF THE SOLDIERS OF THE 27TH VOLHYNIAN INFANTRY DIVISION OF THE HOME ARMY (WDPAK) AS A TESTIMONY TO THE MEMORIES OF STRUGGLES AND COMMEMORATION THE FATE OF GENOCIDE VICTIMS – ANALYSIS OF THE CONTENT AND STRUCTURE OF THE QUARTERLY The “Information Bulletin” of the 27th WDPAK, which had been published for 29 years, played a significant role for the milieu of former soldiers of the Volhynia Division and their families. The analysis of its content reveals a very interesting research material. The author of the study made a comparison of approx. 9,000 pages of source material, published in the years 1984-2012. The publication provides answers to the questions of what the “Bulletin” was, who created it, what its purpose was and what roles it played. The work discusses particular columns and changing structure of the quarterly. The author notices links between published articles and the political situation during the publication of subsequent issues of the magazine. Polish-Ukrainian relations, which changed over the years, were also of particular importance. The disagreements between these two nations, genocide and the difficult road to truth were among the main themes presented in the “Bulletin”. The author analyses and compares articles on particular topics that appeared in the quarterly over the years and discusses these issues in the literature on the subject.

Trade Fair Fee as a Source of Income for the Budgets of Municipalities in Poland on Selected Examples

The public finance system in force in Poland provides for a trade fair fee (Polish - „opłata targowa”) as part of municipalities’ own revenues. The trade fair fee is collected from persons selling at marketplaces located in the municipality. It constitutes own income for the commune’s budget and is an archaic form of public tribute. According to the legal regulations in force in Poland, communes may waive the collection of the exhibition fee, however, there are still many communes collecting it. The assessment of income to the commune budget from the trade fair fee was carried out on the basis of a survey of income to the budget of selected 10 coastal communes in Pomorskie Voivodeship. The selection of coastal municipalities was determined by their specificity in terms of retail trade on markets and squares. This is because the holiday season attracts many tourists and entrepreneurs who sell the goods they offer in the mode of direct retail trade carried out on local markets, streets or squares (often located near the entrance to local beaches). The analysis of income from the fair fee was carried out on the basis of reports on the implementation of the budgets of communes and reports on the income of communes Rb-27s published by commune authorities on the pages of the Public Information Bulletin of a given local government unit. Verification of the revenue of the selected 10 municipalities from the fair fee for 2016-2019 revealed a very low share of the fair fee in the total revenue to the municipalities’ budgets (maximum 1.60% for the Łeba municipality in 2016). Moreover, the communes incur significant costs related to the collection of the trade fair fee, which are connected with the payment of commissions on the collected amounts up to 25% of the total income from the fee. The results of the research indicate that it would be reasonable for the authorities of the analysed communes to consider abolishing the trade fair fee in their area, as the revenue is small compared to the costs incurred. The liquidation of the market fee may attract more traders and improve the image of the commune as a facilitator of business activities involving trade in marketplaces.

The Right to Public Information. Selected Interpretation Doubts in the Doctrine and Jurisprudence of Administrative Courts

<p>The provisions of the Act on Access to Public Information regulate, among others, the subjective and objective scope of the right to public information, reasons for restricting access to information, procedure and form of disclosure, rules for creating and publishing information in the Public Information Bulletin, costs of activities leading to the disclosure of information and the establishment of complaint proceedings in the event of refusal to provide the public information requested. Therefore, it is worth to pay attention to several problems arising from the analysis of statutory provisions and the practical consequences of applying the Act of 6 September 2001 on Access to Public Information. The current, extremely extensive, output of doctrine and jurisprudence allows for a fairly “efficient” summary of the considerations made in both literature and judicial and administrative case law.</p>

Development and application of modern geographic information systems for monitoring the environmental status of objects

The article presents the results of the application of geographic information systems for environmental auditing, which allows you to monitor the ecological situation on the objects, food and chemical industries and to ensure environmental safety of natural and industrial areas. The authors propose a mathematical model that performs monitoring of environmental objects. The computational experiment is performed in Matlab for classifying the soil measurement conditions. The results of the analysis and the electronic cartograms constructed on their basis are used to predict the location of the points exceeding the parasitological indices in the soil. The assessment of the condition of the soil in different districts of the Voronezh city is made with the help of the created neural networks. The results are compared with the same indicators, measured in 2017. Data is taken from the information Bulletin «Evaluation of the influence of environmental factors on the health of the population of the Voronezh region on indicators of socio-hygienic monitoring». Information was prepared by the Office of Rospotrebnadzor in the Voronezh region. A study cited in the article was conducted at the Department of information and control systems of the Voronezh state University of engineering technologies. Geographic information system was built with the help of MapInfo software product. It can be used to simulate the environmental situation and to inform about its current state with the help of cartography. Thus, the geoinformation research method reviewed in this article allows predicting the emission of harmful substances into the environment and it can be used by regulatory agencies of the state authorities to control the environmental state of the territory.

Dynamics of Online Collective Attention as Hawkes Self-exciting Process

Understanding the dynamic formation mechanism of online collective attention has been attracted diversified interests such as Internet memes, viral videos, or social media platforms and Web-based businesses, and has practical application in the area of marketing and advertising, propagation of information. Bulletin Board System, or BBS can be regarded as an ecosystem of digital resources connected and shaped by collective successive behaviors of users. Clicks and replies of the posts quantify the degree of collective attention. For example, the collective clicking behavior of users on BBS gives rise to the up and down of focus on posts, and transporting attention between topics, the ratio between clicks and replies measure the heat degree of a post. We analyzed the dynamics of collective attention millions of users on an interactive Tianya Zatan BBS. By analyzing the dynamics of clicks we uncovered a non-trivial Hawkes process self-exciting regularity concerning the impact of novelty exponential decay mechanism. Here, it able to explain the empirical data of BBS remarkably well, such as popular topics are observed in time frequently cluster, asymptotic normality of clicks. Our findings indicate that collective attention among large populations decays with a exponential decaying law, suggest the existence of a natural time scale over novelty fades. Importantly, we show that self-exciting point processes can be used for the purpose of collective attention modeling.

Trends in the doses of the population of the Russian Federation in 2003–2018

In the last years radiation-hygienic passportization and Joint state system of control and accounting of the individual doses of the citizens have become a trusted source of the validated data on the state of the radiation safety in the Russian Federation and have become the basis of the Russian system of the information provision of the radiation safety. Annual analysis of that data is presented in the annual information bulletin “Doses of the population of the Russian Federation”. The current study is focused on the analysis of the data from the information bulletins to evaluate the trends in the doses of the Russian population from main sources of ionizing exposure in 2003–2018. It is indicated that the mean annual doses from man-made exposure of the group A staff in that period varies from 1,0–1,4 mSv per year, group B – 0,65–0,8 mSv per year. The number of exceedances of the annual dose limits from group A staff varied from 5 to 52 per year; for group B – 0–22 per year. For the whole investigated period there were only three cases of the exceedance of the 50 mSv annual individual dose for group A staff and four cases of the exceedance of the 12,5 mSv annual effective dose for group B staff. Mean effective dose per X-ray examination in 2006–2013 was decreasing from 0,56 mSv to 0,26 mSv and started to slowly increase leading to 0,29 mSv in 2018. The same trends were identified for the mean dose from medical exposure per citizen: reduction in 2003-2013 from 0,86 mSv to 0,45 mSv with the subsequent increase up to 0,56 mSv. The biggest contributor for the dose from medical exposure is computed tomography: the number of CT examinations increased from 1,3 mln in 2003 to 11,7 mln in 2018; contribution to the collective dose – from 5,7% to 54%. Mean annual effective doses from natural exposure of the population of the Russian regions varied from 1,6 to 15,1 mSv per year with the mean value for Russia of 3,11 – 3,79 mSv/year. The highest mean annual doses exceeding 5 mSv in each year were observed in Republic of Altay, Jewish Independent Region, Stavropol and Zabaikalskiy Krai, Republic of Tyva and Irkutsk region. Total effective doses exceeding 10 mSv/year were observed in Republic of Altay and Jewish Independent Region. For ten subjects of the Russain Federation (Republics of Buryatia, Altay, Tyva, Stavropol and Zabaikalskiy Krai, Irkutsk and Chita regions, Jewish Independent Region, Aginsko-Buryatskiy and Ust’-Ordinskiy independent districts) they exceed 5 mSv/year for the whole assessed period.