scholarly journals Urinary tract infections and vitamin D: prospects for use in prevention and treatment

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-155
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
A. N. Tsutsaeva ◽  
S. V. Dolbnya ◽  
V. A. Kuryaninova ◽  
L Ya. Klimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Vdr Gene ◽  
Vdr Gene Polymorphisms ◽  
Modern Medical Practice ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Relationship

Urinary tract infections are a common global problem among physicians of various specialties, including therapists, pediatricians, nephrologists and urologists. Today UTI is one of  the  leading bacterial infections in  both adult and child populations. The main type of therapy and prevention of recurrent UTI is the use of drugs with an antibacterial effect (antibiotics, uroseptics). An urgent problem in modern medical practice is the increasing antibiotic resistance, which requires the development of new approaches to therapy and prevention, including UTI. In recent years, special attention has been paid to the study of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms as a possible risk factor determining the predisposition to a number of infectious and noninfectious diseases. More than 200 polymorphisms of the VDR gene have been identified, four of which – FokI, BsmI, ApaI, and TaqI – are particularly common. Different VDR alleles can cause small changes in receptor function, which can affect resistance or susceptibility to a particular infection. The review presents data from modern studies demonstrating the relationship between vitamin D supply and development, the frequency of recurrence and the nature of the course of UTI. In one study, vitamin D has been shown to enhance the cathelicidin-mediated antibacterial action of bladder epithelial cells. It also demonstrated the currently known defense mechanisms of vitamin D against urinary tract infections, including its effect on components of the innate immune system.

scholarly journals The Role of Gut, Vaginal, and Urinary Microbiome in Urinary Tract Infections: From Bench to Bedside

Diagnostics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Tomislav Meštrović ◽  
Mario Matijašić ◽  
Mihaela Perić ◽  
Hana Čipčić Paljetak ◽  
Anja Barešić ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Subsequent Development ◽  
Potential Influence ◽  
Urinary Microbiome ◽  
Important Field ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Current Paradigm

The current paradigm of urinary tract infection (UTI) pathogenesis takes into account the contamination of the periurethral space by specific uropathogens residing in the gut, which is followed by urethral colonization and pathogen ascension to the urinary bladder. Consequently, studying the relationship between gut microbiota and the subsequent development of bacteriuria and UTI represents an important field of research. However, the well-established diagnostic and therapeutic paradigm for urinary tract infections (UTIs) has come into question with the discovery of a multifaceted, symbiotic microbiome in the healthy urogenital tract. More specifically, emerging data suggest that vaginal dysbiosis may result in Escherichia coli colonization and prompt recurrent UTIs, while urinary microbiome perturbations may precede the development of UTIs and other pathologic conditions of the urinary system. The question is whether these findings can be exploited for risk reduction and treatment purposes. This review aimed to appraise the three aforementioned specific microbiomes regarding their potential influence on UTI development by focusing on the recent studies in the field and assessing the potential linkages between these different niches, as well as evaluating the state of translational research for novel therapeutic and preventative approaches.

scholarly journals Trends in Nursing Research on Infections: Semantic Network Analysis and Topic Modeling

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (13) ◽  
pp. 6915
Author(s):  
Jongsoon Won ◽  
Kyunghee Kim ◽  
Kyeong-Yae Sohng ◽  
Sung-Ok Chang ◽  
Seung-Kyo Chaung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Network Analysis ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Semantic Network ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Many countries around the world are currently threatened by the COVID-19 pandemic, and nurses are facing increasing responsibilities and work demands related to infection control. To establish a developmental strategy for infection control, it is important to analyze, understand, or visualize the accumulated data gathered from research in the field of nursing. Methods: A total of 4854 articles published between 1978 and 2017 were retrieved from the Web of Science. Abstracts from these articles were extracted, and network analysis was conducted using the semantic network module. Results: ‘wound’, ‘injury’, ‘breast’, “dressing”, ‘temperature’, ‘drainage’, ‘diabetes’, ‘abscess’, and ‘cleaning’ were identified as the keywords with high values of degree centrality, betweenness centrality, and closeness centrality; hence, they were determined to be influential in the network. The major topics were ‘PLWH’ (people living with HIV), ‘pregnancy’, and ‘STI’ (sexually transmitted infection). Conclusions: Diverse infection research has been conducted on the topics of blood-borne infections, sexually transmitted infections, respiratory infections, urinary tract infections, and bacterial infections. STIs (including HIV), pregnancy, and bacterial infections have been the focus of particularly intense research by nursing researchers. More research on viral infections, urinary tract infections, immune topic, and hospital-acquired infections will be needed.

#54: Sensitivity and Specificity of Procalcitonin vs C Reactive Protein in Identifying Pediatric Bacterial infections

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S16-S16
Author(s):  
Sara Kim ◽  
Avni Bhatt ◽  
Silvana Carr ◽  
Frances Saccoccio ◽  
Judy Lew
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
C Reactive Protein ◽  
Reactive Protein ◽  
Culture Positivity ◽  
Serious Bacterial Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Culture Positive

Abstract Background Procalcitonin (PCT) and c-reactive protein (CRP) have been utilized in children to assess risk for serious bacterial infections. However, there have been different cut-offs reported for PCT and CRP, which yield different sensitivity and specificity. This study aims to compare the sensitivity and specificity of PCT and CRP in detecting serious bacterial infections (SBIs), specifically urinary tract infections, bacteremia and meningitis. Methods In this retrospective, single center cohort study from January 2018 to June 2019, we analyzed children with a fever greater than 38C with both PCT and CRP value within 24 hours of admission. Each patient had a blood, urine and/or cerebrospinal fluid culture collected within 48 hours of admission. No antibiotics were administered from the admitting hospital prior to collection of the PCT or CRP. Our gold standard was a positive culture obtained from blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine. The statistical analysis included categorical variables as percentages and compared them using the Fisher exact test. The optimal cutoff values for PCT or CRP were based on ROC curve analysis and Youden Index. Sensitivity and specificity analysis were based on literature review cut offs and ROC curves cut offs. Results Among 202 children, we had 45 culture positive patients (11 urinary tract infections, 4 meningitis, and 32 bacteremia). The patients with culture positivity had higher PCT levels (7.9 ng/mL vs 2.5 ng/mL, P=0.0111), CRP levels (110.9 mg/L vs 49.6 mg/L, P<0.0001) and temperature (39.2C vs 39C, P<0.0052). The area under the curve (AUC) comparing culture positivity vs negativity for all culture types was 0.72 (p<0.0001) for PCT and 0.66 (p=0.001) for CRP. In Figure 1, the AUC for culture positive bacteremia was 0.68 (p=0.0011) for PCT and 0.70 (p=0.0003). The AUC for culture positive urinary tract infections (UTI) only was 0.86 (p=0.0001) for PCT and 0.70 (p=0.3607). For the cut-off value for PCT at 0.5 ng/mL, the sensitivity and specificity was 64% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.5–0.77) and 70% (95% CI 0.62–0.77) respectively in identifying children with bacterial infection. For the cut-off value for CRP at 20 mg/L, the sensitivity and specificity was 67% (95% CI 0.52–0.79) and 52% (95% CI 0.44–0.59) respectively in identifying children with bacterial infection. Conclusion In this study, PCT and CRP are nearly equivalent classifiers for detecting SBIs as a group and bacteremia, but PCT is statistically better for urinary tract infections; however, the clinical utility is unknown.

Assessment of symptoms on patients with urinary tract infections and adherence to medications

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 1740-1744
Author(s):  
Eva Lorel Kouassi ◽  
Abdul Wahid Ishaque ◽  
Amulya P. Shetty ◽  
Rimpa Devi ◽  
Sheethal Kuriakose ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
P Value ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Outpatient Settings ◽  
The Impact

Although urinary tract infections (UTIs) are considered to be the most common bacterial infections worldwide, their assessment remains a big clinical challenge, because they are not reportable diseases in developed countries like United States and any other parts of the world including India. This situation is further complicated by the fact that accurate diagnosis depends on both the presence of symptoms and a positive urine culture, although in most outpatient settings this diagnosis is made without the benefit of culture. Our study aimed to appraise the impact of urinary tract infections symptoms on selected patients and comprehend their adherence to medications despite the challenges of antimicrobial susceptibility and resistance observed. One hundred and twenty patients with confirmed cases of urinary tract infections were recruited for the study. The mean age of females and males patients was found to be 59.86±2.37and 52.27±3 years respectively. Pertinent descriptive and inferential statistics were performed. Spearman correlation test revealed a strong positive correlation between overall UTIs’ symptoms and their impact on patients at baseline (0.84) and at follow up (0.799) with p value =0.5. On the other hand the majority of patients were found to be adherent to the medications after discharge. The current study revealed that Urinary tract infections if left untreated can negatively impact the lives of patients suffering from it and hinder their adherence to medications. Consequently, accurate and early assessment of UTIs’ symptoms in clinics and hospitals becomes a necessity.

scholarly journals The Role of TLR4 Asp299Gly and TLR4 Thr399Ile Polymorphisms in the Pathogenesis of Urinary Tract Infections: First Evaluation in Infants and Children of Greek Origin

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Panagiota Karananou ◽  
Despoina Tramma ◽  
Socrates Katafigiotis ◽  
Anastasia Alataki ◽  
Alexandros Lambropoulos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Pediatric Population ◽  
Infants And Children ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Healthy Infants ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
In Infants And Children

Urinary tract infections are one of the most common and serious bacterial infections in a pediatric population. So far, they have mainly been related to age, gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic level, and the presence of underlying anatomical or functional, congenital, or acquired abnormalities. Recently, both innate and adaptive immunities and their interaction in the pathogenesis and the development of UTIs have been studied. The aim of this study was to assess the role and the effect of the two most frequent polymorphisms of TLR4 Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile on the development of UTIs in infants and children of Greek origin. We studied 51 infants and children with at least one episode of acute urinary tract infection and 109 healthy infants and children. We found that 27.5% of patients and 8.26% of healthy children carried the heterozygote genotype for TLR4 Asp299Gly. TLR4 Thr399Ile polymorphism was found to be higher in healthy children and lower in the patient group. No homozygosity for both studied polymorphisms was detected in our patients. In the group of healthy children, a homozygote genotype for TLR4 Asp299Gly (G/G) as well as for TLR4 Thr399Ile (T/T) was showed (1.84% and 0.92 respectively). These results indicate the role of TLR4 polymorphism as a genetic risk for the development of UTIs in infants and children of Greek origin.

A violation of the Weigert-Meyer law – an ectopic ureter arising from the lower renal pole

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 202-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kirtishri Mishra ◽  
Christopher S Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Ectopic Ureter ◽  
Ureteral Orifice ◽  
Ectopic Ureters ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Duplicated Ureter

Ectopic ureters are a found in one of every 2000–4000 people. This abnormality can present with urinary tract infections, haematuria, and occasionally incontinence. Ectopic ureters traditionally follow the Weigert-Meyer Law, which describes the relationship of the lower and upper renal moieties. It states that the lower renal pole drains into a laterocranial ureteral orifice (and may reflux), while the upper renal pole drains into a mediocaudal ureteral orifice (and may be obstructed). If a duplicated ureter does not insert into the bladder, it by rule, originates from the upper pole. We present a case of a 42-year-old male who was incidentally found to have what appears to be an ectopic ureter draining from the lower renal pole into a structure contained in the scrotum, hence violating the Weigert-Meyer law.

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