scholarly journals Method of dissecting edible snails of the genus Cornu

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (10) ◽  
pp. 6300-2019
Author(s):  
JERZY ZIĘTEK ◽  
MONIKA ZIOMEK ◽  
ANNA WILCZYŃSKA
Keyword(s):  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Anatomical Structure

Snails of the genus Cornu are farm-raised as edible molluscs. Dissection is one of the basic diagnostic tests available in the breeding of these animals, used to determine the cause of death or disease, and to collect material for further laboratory tests. The aim of this article was to present a method for the dissection of snails for veterinary use based on the experience gained from 200 mollusc dissections, and to present a short description of the anatomical structure of snails. The method described is characterized by its speed and simplicity. The observations made during the dissection, as presented in the article provide valuable diagnostic information for veterinarians responsible for care on snail farms.

scholarly journals Arthritis and Diagnostics in Lyme Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 18
Author(s):  
Javier A. Quintero ◽  
Raluchukwu Attah ◽  
Reena Khianey ◽  
Eugenio Capitle ◽  
Steven E. Schutzer
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Borrelia Burgdorferi ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Lyme Arthritis ◽  
Differential Diagnoses ◽  
Antibody Testing ◽  
Active Infection ◽  
Indirect Measure

The diagnosis of Lyme disease, caused by Borrelia burgdorferi, is clinical but frequently supported by laboratory tests. Lyme arthritis is now less frequently seen than at the time of its discovery. However, it still occurs, and it is important to recognize this, the differential diagnoses, and how laboratory tests can be useful and their limitations. The most frequently used diagnostic tests are antibody based. However, antibody testing still suffers from many drawbacks and is only an indirect measure of exposure. In contrast, evolving direct diagnostic methods can indicate active infection.

scholarly journals XXX. An account of an extraordinary acephalous birth. By W. Cooper, M.D. in a letter to William Hunter, M.D. F. R. S

1775 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 311-321 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Female Child ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Anatomical Structure ◽  
Abdominal Tumour ◽  
Natural Labour ◽  
William Hunter

Dear Sir, I take the liberty to remit you an account of the delivery of a very curious acephalous monster, accompanied with a short description of its anatomical structure. If, after a perusal of it, you should apprehend it may be acceptable to the Royal Society, I beg that you will do me the honour to lay it before them. Mrs. Brackett, of Clerkenwell Close, aged twenty-three years, was, at the end of her first pregnancy, by a natural labour, delivered of a perfect female child, on Friday the 8th of October, 1773, at seven o'clock in the morning. The attending midwife, Mrs. Ayres, soon perceived by the abdominal tumour that there was another child. After waiting about three hours, a flooding came on; but without pain, or any advancement of the second delivery. The hæmorrhage producing faintness, debility, and danger, the attendants and midwife were alarmed, and I was sent for. When I came, I found her in the situation above described; and therefore thought it my duty to accomplish the remaining part of the labour, as soon as I could, consistently with the safety of the mother.

Diagnostic information as a commodity

1995 ◽  
Vol 41 (5) ◽  
pp. 781-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
H A Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Unit Price ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Effective Conditions ◽  
Test Result

Abstract In estimating the cost-effectiveness of diagnostic procedures, it is helpful to treat diagnostic information as a commodity with a unit price. The amount of useful information provided by a test result can be measured in binary units (bits), and the unit price of the information produced by the test result can be expressed in dollars per bit in much the same way that the price of gold is given in dollars per ounce. This allows comparison of the unit prices of various diagnostic tests, examination of the effect of multiple testing, and calculation of the most cost-effective conditions for screening tests.

scholarly journals Performance of Diagnostic Tests for Plasma Cell Myeloma

Blood ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 132 (Supplement 1) ◽  
pp. 5570-5570
Author(s):  
Gilda Zagoya ◽  
Alejandro Ruiz-Argüelles ◽  
Guillermo J. Ruiz-Arguelles
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Cell ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Light Chains ◽  
Plasma Cell Myeloma ◽  
Immunoglobulin Light Chains ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Total Immunoglobulin

Abstract Introduction. In vitro laboratory tests to diagnose of plasma cell myeloma vary considerably in sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values. We compared the performance of quantification of free immunoglobulin light chains with other methods used to detect a monoclonal protein in serum and/or urine. Objective. Compare sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values of several in vitro laboratory tests to detect monoclonal proteins in serum and urine in persons with plasma cell myeloma. Methods. 70 subjects with plasma cell myeloma and 50 controls were studied. Diagnostic tests included: (1) quantification of free and total immunoglobulin light-chains by immune assays; (2) immune fixation of heavy-and light-chains in serum and urine after gel electrophoresis; and (3) serum protein capillary electrophoresis. Diagnosis of plasma cell myeloma was based on clinical and radiological criteria, bone marrow examination and flow cytometric immune phenotyping with monoclonal antibodies to CD56, CD19, CD138 (CD38) and CD45. Sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for each tests were estimated from contingency tables. Results. Quantification of free immmunoglobulin light-chains had the highest sensitivity and specificity and best positive and negative predictive values. Immune fixation of serum immunoglobulins was next best. Quantification of total immunoglobulin light-chains was the least sensitive and specific with the worst positive and negative predictive values. Quantitation of free light-chains had the additional advantage of objectivity (independence from observer bias). The immune fixation test was the most subject to observer bias. Conclusion. Quantification of free immunoglobulin light-chains had the best sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values for diagnosing plasma cell myeloma. (Table 1) Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

scholarly journals Iatrogenic pulmonary edema as a cause of death in burns

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 635-638
Author(s):  
Thamir M. Kadhim
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Edema ◽  
Cause Of Death ◽  
Forensic Medicine ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Causes Of Death ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Burn Victims ◽  
Burn Unit ◽  
Burn Units ◽  
One Year

Global mortality from the burn is decreasing while in Iraq is still rising. This study was designed to determine the paucity of data regarding the cause of death in the burn, which may be a participating factor and should eliminate it. A post-mortal field study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon, Iraq, for a year period, from the 1st of January 2017 to the 1st of January 2018. The total deaths were 1310, and the whole number of deaths by burn accidents in Babylon, Iraq, was 81(6.18% of all causes of death in a year). 65 were females (80.24%), 16 were males (19.75%). Deaths with no history of admission more than 3day in burn units, age over 45years, cardiovascular diseases patients, heavy smokers, inhalational injuries victims, all were excluded, so 68 burn victims were subjected to a full, typical autopsy at the Department of Forensic Medicine in the province of Babylon for one year period, with all necessary laboratory tests, in order to diagnose the direct cause of their death. For assessing small size area burn, we used small paper the size of the victim whole hand (represent 1% of TBSA), for a larger area, the Lund and Browder chart was used. Deaths were divided into 2 groups according to the period of admission at the burn unit. The first group (3-7 days of admission) with 60 victims, and the second (more than 7 days) with 8 victims. 17 victims with in the first group, had no prominent autopsy findings, but severe pulmonary edema, edema of other organs, no pathogenic organisms were isolated, the laboratory tests were accepted. Their medical records in the burn unit showed overestimation in the assessment of burn area size above the actual percentage by (20-35%). The major causes of death in the first group were septicemia 42.46%, pneumonia 32.35% and primary pulmonary edema 25%, caused mainly by overloading the circulation with fluids. Precise assessment of burn area size, ensuring proper fluid replacement and lowering the mortality rate.

Bleeding in the Newborn

1980 ◽  
Vol 1 (9) ◽  
pp. 271-276
Author(s):  
Daniel C. Plunket
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Treatment Plan ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Direct Proportion ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Older Patient ◽  
Coagulation Proteins ◽  
Similarities And Differences

The physician caning for newborns should master four objectives in the assessment and management of bleeding problems in that age group. They are: (1) to recall the neonate's hemostatic peculiarities, (2) to perform a meaningful clinical assessment, (3) to order and interpret appropriate diagnostic tests, and (4) to formulate a treatment plan. NEONATE'S HEMOSTATIC PECULIARITIES Table 1 lists the components of the hemostatic mechanism comparing older patient normal values and the neonate's similarities and differences. Certain laboratory tests commonly available are also noted. Several important points should be emphasized. Differences between neonates and older children, in general, are accentuated in direct proportion to the degree of immaturity. Platelet counts vary little with age. Big platelets (diameter more than one third the size of a red cell's diameter) are young platelets and suggest active thrombocytopoiesis. The blood vessel and platelet function contributions to hemostasis may be suboptimal by older patient standards, but are not of clinical significance unless such dysfunction has been aggravated by drugs or disease. Most coagulation proteins (procoagulants) are derived from liver and thus are somewhat deficient in amount or function in the neonate whose liver is transiently functionally immature. In general, the more immature the infant the more deficient the procoagulant. This is particularly true of the vitamin K-dependent procoagulants (Factors II, VII, IX, X).

Diagnosis and classification

2012 ◽  
pp. 99-121
Author(s):  
Michael B. First ◽  
Harold Alan Pincus
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Disorders ◽  
Direct Observation ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Diagnosis And Classification ◽  
Diagnostic Approaches ◽  
Rich History

In Psychiatry, as in all of medicine, diagnosis is a key function and central to developing a plan of treatment for patients. Psychiatry, however, faces special challenges. The etiopathogenesis of most psychiatric disorders is not known. For the most part, a clinician must rely on reports from, and direct observation of patients to gather the necessary information to determine a diagnosis. Until very recently, laboratory tests had little relevance. Even diagnostic information found in medical records may not be useful, since the clinician cannot ascertain whether the historically recorded diagnoses of previous clinicians were based on reliable observations, the application of similar diagnostic approaches, or even the same system of classification. These special challenges faced by the field have ensured that diagnosis and classification in psychiatry has a long and rich history.

The Use of Information Graphs to Evaluate and Compare Diagnostic Tests

2002 ◽  
Vol 41 (02) ◽  
pp. 114-118 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Benish
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Test ◽  
Relative Entropy ◽  
Test Performance ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Diagnostic Information ◽  
Pretest Probability ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Diagnostic Uncertainty ◽  
Diagnostic Test Performance

Summary Objectives: The purpose of this communication is to demonstrate the use of “information graphs” as a means of characterizing diagnostic test performance. Methods: Basic concepts in information theory allow us to quantify diagnostic uncertainty and diagnostic information. Given the probabilities of the diagnoses that can explain a patient’s condition, the entropy of that distribution is a measure of our uncertainty about the diagnosis. The relative entropy of the posttest probabilities with respect to the pretest probabilities quantifies the amount of information gained by diagnostic testing. Mutual information is the expected value of relative entropy and, hence, provides a measure of expected diagnostic information. These concepts are used to derive formulas for calculating diagnostic information as a function of pretest probability for a given pair of test operating characteristics. Results: Plots of diagnostic information as a function of pretest probability are constructed to evaluate and compare the performance of three tests commonly used in the diagnosis of coronary artery disease. The graphs illustrate the critical role that the pretest probability plays in determining diagnostic test information. Conclusions: Information graphs summarize diagnostic test performance and offer a way to evaluate and compare diagnostic tests.

Tinnitus—The Initial Evaluation

1987 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 172-174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas E. Mattox ◽  
William J. Richtsmeier
Keyword(s):  
Physical Examination ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Initial Evaluation ◽  
History Taking ◽  
Made In

Initial evaluation of patients with tinnitus presents a challenge to the otolaryngologist's skills, knowledge, and judgment. History-taking, physical examination, and the ordering of Initial laboratory tests should be orchestrated to efficienctly evaluate patients with tinnitus. By the end of this initial evaluation, major decisions have to be made in regard to the employment of additional expensive and possibly invasive diagnostic tests. We present an outline to expedite the initial evaluation of patients with tinnitus as their major concern.

Perilymphatic fistula—the value of diagnostic tests

1994 ◽  
Vol 108 (7) ◽  
pp. 560-563 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ludwig Podoshin ◽  
Milo Fradis ◽  
Jacob Ben-David ◽  
Steven I. Berger ◽  
Hava Feiglin
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Picture ◽  
Diagnostic Tests ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Perilymphatic Fistula ◽  
Operative Findings

AbstractPerilymphatic fistula (PLF) remains one of the most challenging problems in otological practice. Fifty-two consecutive patients (53 ears) who underwent explorative tympanotomy for suspected PLF between 1985–1992 were included in this study. The clinical picture, history, patients' complaints and laboratory tests were analysed and compared with the operative findings. The conclusions of our work are that the diagnosis of PLF is based mostly on the clinical picture and a battery of laboratory diagnostic tests, but no one test is truly diagnostic for PLF.

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