scholarly journals THE LUTHER OF SHI’I ISLAM

2012 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 137
Author(s):  
Sumanto Al-Qurtuby
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Central Focus ◽  
Prime Movers ◽  
Shi‘I Islam

<p class="IIABSBARU">This paper examines socio-historical roots of the emergence of the idea of “Islamic Protestantism” within Iranian Shi’i tradition. The central focus of this study is to present thoughts and activities of so-called “Iranian Luthers” as the agents, actors, and prime movers of the birth of Islamic reformation in Iran. These actors whose ideas of Islamic reformation have had great influences and reached broader audiences beyond Iranian territory include Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Ali Shari’ati, Mehdi Bazargan, Hashem Aghajari, and Abdul Karim Soroush. There are a number of Iranian reformers deserve credits for their thoughtful, controversial ideas of Islamic reformations. These Iranian reformers are considered “the Luthers of Islam” for their deep admiration of Martin Luther’s Protestant Reformation, and their calls for Islamic reformation just like Luther did in the sixteenth century Europe. By the socio-historical and descriptive analysis, this paper is not intended to compare two religious reformations in Iran and Europe, but rather to study and analyze their notions with regard to Islamic reformation.</p><p class="IKa-ABSTRAK">***</p>Artikel ini membicarakan tentang akar sosio-historis muncul­­­nya gagasan “Protestanisme Islam” dalam tradisi Syi’ah Iran, dengan fokus kajian pemikiran dan gerakan yang disebut “Luther Iran” sebagai agen, aktor, dan peng­gerak utama lahirnya reformasi Islam di Iran. Ide-ide re­formasi Islam memiliki pengaruh besar dan mencapai khalayak yang lebih luas di luar wilayah Iran termasuk Sayyid Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Ali Shari’ati, Mehdi Bazargan, Hashem Aghajari, dan Abdul Karim Soroush. Sejumlah reformis Iran layak mendapatkan perhatian karena pe­mikir­an, ide-ide kontroversial mereka dalam reformasi Islam. Para reformis Iran dianggap sebagai “Luther Islam” karena kekaguman mendalam mereka terhadap Martin Luther, dan mereka menghendaki reformasi Islam seperti yang terjadi pada masa Luther di Eropa abad keenam belas. Dengan analisis sosio-historis dan deskriptif, tulisan ini tidak di­maksud­kan untuk membandingkan dua reformasi ke­agamaan di Iran dan Eropa, melainkan untuk mem­pelajari dan meng­analisis gagasan-gagasan mereka mengenai refor­masi Islam.

REBELLION, RESISTANCE, AND A SWISS BRUTUS?

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANDRIES RAATH ◽  
SHAUN DE FREITAS
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Early Modern ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Economic Exploitation ◽  
Modern Politics ◽  
Profound Influence ◽  
Divine Justice

Early sixteenth-century Germany and Switzerland witnessed, amongst their peasants, a growing dissatisfaction with economic exploitation and the increasing power of political rulers. The Protestant Reformation at the time had a profound influence on the moulding of this dissatisfaction into a right to demand the enforcement of divine justice. The Swiss reformer, Huldrych Zwingli, provided parallels for the demands of the peasants, while the German reformers, Martin Luther and Philip Melanchthon, criticized the rebellious methods of the peasantry. Against this background the young Swiss reformer, Heinrich Bullinger, responded more positively towards the claims of the peasants by opposing the views of the Lutheran reformers in his play ‘Lucretia and Brutus’. In this drama, Bullinger propounds the first steps towards the development of his federal theory of politics by advancing the idea of oath-taking as the mechanism for transforming the monarchy into a Christian republic. The idea of oath-taking was destined to become a most important device in early modern politics, used to combat tyranny and to promote the idea of republicanism.

scholarly journals Reforma Protestante: uma caminhada de 500 anos

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudir Burmann
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Situational Factors ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Human Being ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Reformation

Resumo: A Reforma Protestante impactou o Cristianismo ocidental com umadivisão, cuja repercussão tem perpassado diversos âmbitos ao longo dos últimos500 anos. Como seria o Cristianismo se a Reforma Protestante não tivesseocorrido? Evidentemente, não há como responder. Certo é que a Reforma Protestantefoi, de alguma maneira, favorecida por fatores conjunturais do séculoXVI, que ampliaram sua repercussão. Tais fatores fizeram com que o protestoinicial de Martim Lutero através de 95 teses acerca da venda de indulgênciastivesse um alcance não imaginado. A partir dali, foi-se consolidando um novomodo de compreender o agir de Deus. Ao mesmo tempo, uma nova forma decompreender o próprio ser humano se afirmou. Embora ao longo de quatroséculos tenha havido controvérsias, embates e combates mútuos, atualmentebusca-se uma nova caminhada entre as Igrejas Luteranas e a Igreja CatólicaRomana. A celebração dos 500 anos da Reforma tem-se revelado como oportunidadeúnica para a promoção da unidade cristã.Palavras-chave: Martim Lutero. 95 teses. Reforma Protestante.Abstract: The Protestant Reformation impacted Western Christianity with a division,whose repercussion has permeated various fields over the past 500 years.But how would Christianity be if the Protestant Reformation had not occurred? Ofcourse, there is no answer to this. It is true that the Protestant Reformation wassomehow favored by situational factors of the sixteenth century, that amplified itsimpact. These factors have caused the initial protest of Martin Luther through 95theses about the sale of indulgences to have had an unimaginable range. Fromthen, it has consolidated a new way of understanding the action of God. At the sametime, a new way of understanding the human being was asserted. Although duringover four centuries there have been disputes, conflicts and mutual fighting, nowone seeks for a new walk between Lutheran Churches and the Roman CatholicChurch. The celebration of the 500th anniversary of the Reformation has beenrevealed as an unique opportunity for the promotion of Christian unity.Keywords: Martin Luther. 95 theses. Protestant Reformation.

scholarly journals Huldrych Zwingli: Reformation in Conflict

Perichoresis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 33-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Brett Eccher
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
Early Death ◽  
John Calvin ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Way

Abstract The Swiss reformer Huldrych Zwingli was a pioneering and domineering voice during the early sixteenth century, especially at the genesis of the Protestant Reformation. Despite his stature, Reformation historiography has sadly relegated Zwingli to a lesser status behind reformers such as Martin Luther, Philip Melanchthon, and John Calvin. However, his contribution to the changing religious ethos of Reformation Europe was pivotal, yet always accompanied by controversy. In fact, this essay will argue that almost all of the Reformation gains made by Zwingli over the course of roughly twenty-five years of ministry took place through conflict. All the Protestant reformers experienced an element of conflict as a part of their work. Such was the nature of religious renewal and reform in the sixteenth century. Still, conflict not only facilitated and drove Zwingli’s Reformation, but was also a theme woven throughout his life. And in Zwingli’s case war was both figurative and literal. His battles moved well beyond those of his contemporary reformers. Beginning with his haunting experiences as a young chaplain in the Swiss army and culminating with his early death on the battlefield at Kappel, conflict shaped Zwingli’s life, ministry and theology. His was a life characterized by volatility; his Reformation was contested every step of the way. As a portrait of Zwingli emerges against the historic backdrop of war, division and strife, his lasting contributions to the convictions and practices of Protestantism, especially in Baptist and Presbyterian life, should become apparent.

scholarly journals Die noodsaak daarvan om metateoretiese vertrekpunte ten opsigte van werklikheidsbeskouing in praktiesteologiese wetenskapsbeoefening uit te spel

2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
F.W. De Wet
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Practical Theology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Previous Article ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Alternative View ◽  
Research Project ◽  
Horizontal Dimension ◽  
Practical Theological ◽  
Contemporary Context

The necessity of explicating metatheoretical assumptions regarding the view on reality in cientific practical theological research This article is the second in the research project “Metatheoretical assumptions in Practical Theology”. In this project – as indicated in the previous article − a group of reformed theologians is elucidating and discussing their metatheoretical and other perspectives regarding research in Practical Theology. In this article the necessity to explain metatheoretical assumptions concerning a view on reality, is discussed from a reformed perspective. The practical theological implications of a view on reality with its roots in the sixteenth-century protestant Reformation are critically compared with an alternative view on reality in the contemporary context which focuses more on the horizontal dimension of the action events taking place in praxis. This comparison is done with a view to responding to this alternative view in a responsible way. Essential characteristics of the sixteenth-century reformed view on reality seem to be its Scripture-determined vision and theocentric focus as well as the way in which human life and actions are represented as reflections of the “imago Dei”. The need to critically reflect on these characteristics and to newly align this view on reality with respect to challenges posed in the contemporary context, is explored.

The Reformation of the Sixteenth Century in Renaissance Italy

1981 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 149-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip M. J. McNair
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Giordano Bruno ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Renaissance Italy ◽  
The One

Between the execution of Gerolamo Savonarola at Florence in May 1498 and the execution of Giordano Bruno at Rome in February 1600, western Christendom was convulsed by the protestant reformation, and the subject of this paper is the effect that that revolution had on the Italy that nourished and martyred those two unique yet representative men: unique in the power and complexity of their personalities, representative because the one sums up the medieval world with all its strengths and weaknesses while the other heralds the questing and questioning modern world in which we live.

scholarly journals Post-Reformation Reformed sources and children

2008 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Neele
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
The Subject

This article suggests that the topic “children” received considerable attention in the post-Reformation era – the period of CA 1565-1725. In particular, the author argues that the post-Reformation Reformed sources attest of a significant interest in the education and parenting of children. This interest not only continued, but intensified during the sixteenth-century Protestant Reformation when much thought was given to the subject matter. This article attempts to appraise the aim of post-Reformation Reformed sources on the topic “children.”

An “Epistolary Reformation”

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Greengrass
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Protestant Reformation ◽  
The Political ◽  
John Foxe ◽  
Political Evolution ◽  
Letter Exchange

Letter exchange occupies a significant and growing role in the activities of the Protestant Reformers. This chapter offers explanations for its growing significance in the evolution of the Protestant Reformation. It analyses what over a century of investment in editing the correspondence of the magisterial Reformers has achieved. It offers a yearly profile of the surviving editorial correspondence. At the same time, it underlines the limitations of our concentration on the letters of magisterial Reformers by examining the role of letter exchange in the political evolution of the Protestant Reformation in the sixteenth century, and especially in the context of the coalitions at a distance that sustained it. It ends by evoking martyr letters, as found in the martyrologies of John Foxe and Jean Crespin, but also in a devotional context in Hutterite and Anabaptist dissenting traditions.

Converts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
New Testament ◽  
Martin Luther ◽  
The Public ◽  
Religious Conversions ◽  
The Reformation

This chapter examines the religious conversions in sixteenth-century England. Some historians have rightly warned us that there was more to the Reformation than a succession of individual religious conversions, noting that most people didn't undergo one. But without such conversions there could have been no Reformation, and attempting to untangle them draws us to the mysterious seed beds in which change first took root. For historians have to make sense of a paradox: that a convert's radical rejection of the old and familiar could not come out of nowhere; that it must somehow be grounded in earlier attitudes and experiences. The chapter first considers the English authorities' response to the Ninety-Five Theses of Martin Luther and to ‘Lutheran’ heresy before discussing William Tyndale's Worms New Testament and the public abjuration of heresy. It also analyses the deep and bitter divisions between heretics and Catholics over religion.

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