scholarly journals The Theoretical Codex of the Mid-17th Century as a Phenomenon of Church-Singing Art

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 589-606
Author(s):  
Zivar M. Guseinova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Absolute Accuracy ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Liturgical Singing ◽  
State Library ◽  
Selection Of

The first musical-theoretical manuals of ancient Russia appeared in the 15th century. They were rather small in volume and contained information that was predominantly educational. The changes that were taking place in the singing system over several centuries were reflected in new types of manuals, conveying the peculiarities of the singing art (znamenny chant) of the time. By the middle of the 17th century, the codices began to occupy a significant place in manuscripts, which contained monuments of Russian liturgical singing. They were large-scale consolidated documents, including a selection of relatively independent musical-theoretical manuals, each of which revealed a separate aspect in the theory of znamenny chant, carried out according to special musical signs — kriuki (hooks). The tradition of handwritten copying of documents contributed to the fact that each type of theoretical manual was simultaneously in many copies that never matched the text with absolute accuracy and always contained discrepancies. The codex, analysed in this article, in the mid-17th century manuscript of V. F. Odoevsky’s Collection No. 1, which is kept in the Russian State Library, is a set of numerous copies of different theoretical manuals that were formatted by that time. These are the notable azbuka (ABC) that explain individual neums; kokizniki and fitniki, expounding upon the principles of formula singing; manuals that reveal the sound-naming system, as well as a meaningful layer of author’s comments that interpret and generalizing material for educational purposes.

Hebrew Incunabula in the Russian Researchers’ Publications. Bibliographic Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-34
Author(s):  
Semen M. Iakerson
Keyword(s):  
Religious Community ◽  
National Library ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
State Library ◽  
Academy Of Sciences ◽  
First Time ◽  
Private Collections

Hebrew incunabula amount to a rather modest, in terms of number, group of around 150 editions that were printed within the period from the late 60s of the 15th century to January 1, 1501 in Italy, Spain, Portugal and Turkey. Despite such a small number of Hebrew incunabula, the role they played in the history of the formation of European printing cannot be overlooked. Even less possible is to overestimate the importance of Hebrew incunabula for understanding Jewish spiritual life as it evolved in Europe during the Renaissance.Russian depositories house 43 editions of Hebrew incunabula, in 113 copies and fragments. The latter are distributed as following: the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts of the Russian Academy of Sciences — 67 items stored; the Russian State Library — 38 items; the National Library of Russia — 7 items; the Jewish Religious Community of Saint Petersburg — 1 item. The majority of these books came in public depositories at the late 19th — first half of the 20th century from private collections of St. Petersburg collectors: Moses Friedland (1826—1899), Daniel Chwolson (1819—1911) and David Günzburg (1857—1910). This article looks into the circumstances of how exactly these incunabula were acquired by the depositories. For the first time there are analysed publications of Russian scholars that either include descriptions of Hebrew incunabula (inventories, catalogues, lists) or related to various aspects of Hebrew incunabula studies. The article presents the first annotated bibliography of all domestic publications that are in any way connected with Hebrew incunabula, covering the period from 1893 (the first publication) to the present. In private collections, there was paid special attention to the formation of incunabula collections. It was expressed in the allocation of incunabula as a separate group of books in printed catalogues and the publication of research works on incunabula studies, which belonged to the pen of collectors themselves and haven’t lost their scientific relevance today.

On Colloquial Phenomena in the Language of the Monument of Church Slavonic Writing of the 15th Century (Based on the Material of the Torment of Paraskeva Friday)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 9-22
Author(s):  
Leonid G. Panin
Keyword(s):  
Russian Language ◽  
Main Task ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
Language Writing ◽  
State Library ◽  
Scientific Subject ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Russian Language

The author’s earlier linguistic and textual analysis of collections containing readings on particularly revered memorable dates and the lives of the most revered saints revealed the manuscript Festal Menaion and Chrysostom from the collection of Tikhonravov No. 185 (from the collection of the Russian State Library) as containing unique information about the Church Slavonic language of the 15th century. This time, as traditionally considered, is a clear indicator of the second South Slavic influence, but evidence of this influence (according to the collection) was not in the Word on the Council of the archangel Michael and Gabriel, the author of which was Clement of Ohrid. There were obvious colloquial elements, but the colloquial (common) facts of the Russian language are especially clearly recorded in another monument of this collection – in the Torment of Paraskeva Friday. In this article, this text is analyzed in comparison with the texts presented in the Great Menaion Reader of the SVT. St. Demetrius of Rostov and in the collection of the 15th century from the Collection of the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The author defines the broad and narrow contexts of the study. The first is connected with the Church Slavonic problems (language, writing), the second with the 15th century, the time when the so-called ‘second South Slavic influence’ was fully manifested. Church Slavonic itself is not a scientific term, although it emerged from a scientific tradition. We can define what the Russian language is by referring to ethnic and geographical boundaries, cultural and spiritual traditions, historical certainty, and keeping in mind, which is very important for the language, its ‘functional side’. It is impossible to evaluate the Church Slavonic language from these positions. Russian is a language that has developed different principles of development, and in relation to the Russian language, the Church Slavonic language appears to be as much an independent unit (a separate scientific ‘subject’) as the dialect language, which was the subject of lively discussions in its time, or the Russian spoken language, which occupies a strong position in the niche of the Russian language to this day. The Church Slavonic language is ultimately the desired object of Slavistic research, and the way to determine its structure and functional status lies through the analysis of specific written sources. The conclusions about the ‘colloquial’ (‘simple’, perhaps common) Church Slavonic language of the Torment of Paraskeva Friday according to the list of Thn-185 are quite obvious, the language of the monument according to this list destroys the myth of the so-called ‘second South Slavic influence’. The analysis allows us to take a new look at what we call the Church Slavonic language, to understand that the Church Slavonic language is still an unidentified linguistic object, rather than a philological one, because this language cannot be separated from the text. The text is the environment in which it exists. Linguistics has adopted the tools of linguistic analysis, which since ancient times served philological purposes, it is already presented in the ΤνΝη γραμματική of Dionysius of Thrace, but it did not serve to describe and understand language as such, the main task of grammatics was considered to be the evaluation of the work, “what is the best of all that grammar does”. This helps in the qualification of what is written in the Church Slavonic language: it should not only contain the traditional forms and vocabulary of this language (also with the traditional permissibility of innovations), but also have a functional correlation, correspond to the sphere of existence of Church Slavonic texts.

German Incunabula Herbals from the Russian State Library: Towards Popular Literature

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-87
Author(s):  
Catherine R. Squires ◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Popular Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Book Production ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Language History ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
And Function

Early printed herbals have a special place in the 15th-century book production as they were popular both with academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, and with the common reader. The popular response to the mass production of herbal books made possible by the invention of printing left textual and linguistic evidence in the form of handwritten marginal notes. In the present study, six copies of illustrated herbals printed in Mainz by Peter Schoeffer in 1484 and 1485 are compared as to the subject, language and function of the marginal notes found in them. Five of these books are from the Rare Books Department of the Russian State (former Lenin) Library, the sixth copy from the Moscow University Library is used to enable better comparison. The analysis has shown that the types of marginal notes vary significantly depending on the owners’ social status, interest, background, and on the time and region. Marginal notes in Latin or Greek are considered from the point of view of their thematic (content) and chronological (dating) characteristics. As the result of many centuries of natural science, herbals were an important source of professional knowledge for academics, including medical scientists and pharmacists, of the time. Thematically, linguistically and paleographically, marginal notes of this type can be ascribed to professionals or students of natural sciences. Notes made considerably later than the incunabula era can in fact only be explained by an academic interest on the part of the reader (some notes date after 1700). Marginal notes made in German and, judging by the handwriting, dating closer to 1500 reflect work of common medical practitioners or even of lay readers, who used their herbals to cope with practical problems of their everyday life. These German marginal notes are of high interest as a source for German language history, as they contain synonymous names of plants, additional to those used in the printed text. The analysis of their form, dialect, and distribution proves that they offer valuable lexical material (regional names) in the semantic field usually scarcely documented in medieval literary texts. Those descriptions, which are indicative of region or dialect, show a distinct Southern German origin of their authors.

Valuable Research on Bibliographic Aspects of Social Memory of the Russian State Library

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-400
Author(s):  
Ludmila P. Mashentseva
Keyword(s):  
Social Memory ◽  
Publishing House ◽  
100Th Anniversary ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Information Resource ◽  
Scientometric Analysis ◽  
Bibliographic Records ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
Selection Of

This is a review of the bibliographic index “Bibliographic Activity of the Russian State Library” released by the publishing house “Pashkov Dom” in 2021. The new index has been drawn up by the experts from the Research Department of Bibliography of the Russian State Library (RSL). This unique book serves as a social memory of one of the largest libraries both in this country and worldwide. We might regard this information resource as a kind of chronicle of the RSL Reference and Bibliographic Service, which celebrated its 100th anniversary in 2018. The structural and substantive analyse of the methodological features of the index as well as the criteria for the selection of material have been carried out. The publication consists of two parts (“Literature on the bibliographic activity of the library” and “Publications of the library on bibliographic theory and practice”) and includes 1709 bibliographic records.The book can be used as an example for creating similar works, and it is a comprehensive toolkit for scientometric analysis of the library’s bibliographic activity.

From Research on the Literary Hermeneutics

2021 ◽  
pp. 9-84
Author(s):  
Anatoly S. Demin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Literary Work ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
The Aesthetic

The research consists of the series of articles analyzing the pre- viously unexplored expressiveness, figurativeness, fantasy and sarcasticity of a number of Old Russian works. The first article reveals the expressiveness of the “Turkic” utterances of Afanasy Nikitin in The Journey Beyond Three Seas according to the list of the Russian State Archive of Ancient Acts (RSAAA), f. 181, no. 371 of the first quarter of the 16th century. The second article characterizes the distorted, fantastic earthly worlds depicted in the Tale of the Twelve Dreams of King Shahaisha according to the list of the Russian National Library (RNL), Kir.-Beloz., no. 22/1099 of the 1470s; in the Conversation of Three Saints according to the list of the Russian State Library (RSL), Troitsk., no. 778 of the beginning of the 16th century; in the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Moscow Main Archive (MMA), no. 250–455 of the late 17th century; in The Tale of Ersh Ershovich according to the list of Pushkin House, 1.27.105 of the late 17th — early 18th centuries; in the Bird Council according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.17 the mid-18th century; in the Medicine Book. How to Treat Foreigners according to the list of the RNL, Q.XVII.96, Peter’s time; in the Legend of a Luxurious Life and Fun according to the list of the RNL, 0.XVII.57 of the first quarter of the 18th cen- tury. The third article examines the aesthetic role of verses in the collections of the late 17th century: RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 233, 249, 380, 411, 499. The fourth article shows that some compilers of collections of the 17th century appreciated the visual arts of works, mostly very old (оn the example of collections of the RSL, Tikhonravov, no. 460, 384, 18, 340, 231). In two Appendices to the article are published the descriptions of the composition of the collection no. 231 and the text of the parable about the dispute of parts of the human body. In two Ap- pendices to the article, it is said about the everyday depiction of the collection of proverbs and sayings according to the list of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455 of the late 17th century and on the expressiveness of articles in the miniature collection of the RSL, Bolshakov, no. 325. The fifth article points to the mocking meaning of proverbs and sayings about criminals in the same collection of the RSAAA, MMA, no. 250–455. Finally, the sixth article draws attention to the evolution of the literary work of Archpriest Avvakum from brief mentions of events to detailed stories about them (оn the material of Vita, petitions, Book of Interpretations, Book of Accusations, Write-off about the creation of man, The Lamentable Word about the death of noblewoman F. Morozova). We must warn you that the pictorial and expressive meaning of the examples and phrases quot- ed from the texts of the monuments is not thoroughly proved in this work, but is only stated. Otherwise, each example would require an independent essay on certain literary means, and the theme and composition of the work would be completely different.

scholarly journals Czech countries in maps of Central Europe up to the middle of the 17th century and their typological classification

Geografie ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 111 (4) ◽  
pp. 436-453
Author(s):  
Ivan Kupčík
Keyword(s):  
Central Europe ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Other ◽  
Central European ◽  
European Area ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Religious Communication ◽  
Representative Selection ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Typological Classification

The article presents a representative selection of a nearly hundred of the oldest maps of Central Europe which were influencing the development of map representation of Czech countries and mostly have not yet been published in Czech literature. Geographical content of map representation of Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia in maps of the Central European area is as informative as in separate maps of these territories. Cartographical information does not end on the other side of our border, but it links to representation of neighbouring countries and stresses political, religious, communication, linguistic and other connections and particularities as well. The selection is based on typographical classification (into ten groups) of printed maps of the Central European area of German, Italian, Dutch and French origin dating from the end of the 15th century to the middle of the 17th century. Its knowledge is necessary to determine genealogy of Central European and regional maps from the period approximately till 1650.

Art Collections of the Russian State Library

1992 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 27-28
Author(s):  
Svetlana Artamonova
Keyword(s):  
Special Interest ◽  
Art Collections ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library

The former Lenin State Library in Moscow, now the Russian State Library, holds extensive collections of graphic and photographic materials, Russian and foreign, dating from the 15th century to the present day. These include a collection of some 434,000 posters, of which film and political posters form the largest subsections; a smaller number of pre-Revolutionary posters is of special interest. The collection of engravings totals some 93,000 items, and includes both works of European masters and Russian popular prints. There are also collections of postcards, “albums”, and manuscripts.

scholarly journals Miniatures in Medieval Chant Manuscripts of the Trinity­Sergius Monastery

2014 ◽  
pp. 102-107
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. Alexandrina
Keyword(s):  
Content Analysis ◽  
16Th Century ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library

Considers non­traditional decoration of chant manuscripts of the 15th and the 16th centuries. Basing on the comparison of miniatures and content analysis, the author argues the monastic provenance of the 16th century manuscript and explores the unique miniature of the 15th century Oktoih from the Russian State Library manuscript collection.

scholarly journals The Pseudepigraphical “Life of Moses” in the “Tichonravov’s Chronograph” and in the Biblical Compendium from the Collection of thе Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 390-423
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Anisimova
Keyword(s):  
Russian Translation ◽  
Book Of Job ◽  
Distinctive Features ◽  
Full Version ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
Russian Version ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Russian State ◽  
State Library ◽  
Original Feature

The article's goal is to study and publish the text of a specific Slavic-Russian version of the apocryphal Life of Moses, previously unknown, which was identified in two manuscripts in the Russian State Library (both from the late 15th century), namely in the Tikhonravov’s Chronograph from the collection of handwritten books of N. S. Tikhonravov and in the Biblical Compendium from the collection of thе Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius. The remaining versions of the apocryphon have been known to date as parts of Great Menaion Reader, Barsov’s Palaea Interpretata and Complete chronographic Palaea. Both new copies of the apocryphon were included in an extensive fragment of a previously unknown Old Russian chronograph based, firstly, on the Biblical books of Genesis, Exodus, Numbers and the Book of Job, as well as on an unknown Slavic translation of Judean Antiquities by Josephus, and on the following Apocrypha (in addition to the Life of Moses): Lesser Genesis (The Book of Jubilees), Death of Abraham and Genesis of Esau. The original feature of the chronograph is a compilation story of Joseph and his brothers, composed of fragments from the full version of the Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs, the Tale of Joseph the Beautiful by St. Ephraim the Syrian and the famous Letter to Presbyter Khoma from Metropolitan Kliment Smoliatich. Main distinctive features of the Life of Moses published in this article are identified and analyzed: 1) a different sequence of the narration; 2) several individual readings–including primary ones, ascending to the Jewish original; 3) literary and stylistic differences; 4) four insertions, which have correlations with the Greek Chronicon of George Kedrenos and were partially reflected in the Short chronographic Palaea and in the Speech of the Scholar from the Old Russian Tale of Past Years. In addition, some revisions and inserts were discovered in the biblical Compendium of Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, which are based on the Slavic-Russian translation of the Historical Palaea. The final result of the study is presented as a stemma of relations between the editions of the apocryphon.

scholarly journals A brief chronology of librarianship in Russia: status and prospects of development

Bibliosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
E. A. Pleshkevich
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Library History ◽  
Significant Events ◽  
Russian State ◽  
History Of ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Library Staff ◽  
State Library ◽  
Selection Of

The article provides an overview of the chronological table on the history of the national librarianship prepared by the Russian State Library staff. The chronology covers over 1,250 library and related events and facts that took place in the period from the mid XI-XX centuries. The paper reveals basic methodological problems of chronological surveys and gives methodical recommendations to overcome them. It notes that the foundation to construct the chronological table should be a model of historical development on which basis is the selection of specific events. The author shows the most significant events of the library history in details and in this way separates them from others.

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