Of Dictionaries and Dialectics: Locating the Vernacular and the Making of Modern Malayalam

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amritha Koiloth Ramath ◽  
◽  
Shashikantha Koudur ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Hegemony ◽  
Universal Education ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Language System ◽  
Literary Output ◽  
Malayalam Language ◽  
The 19Th Century

This paper looks at Hermann Gundert’s Malayalam-English dictionary at the juncture of the modernisation of the Malayalam language in the 19th century. Gundert, the then inspector of schools in the Malabar district, saw the dictionary as the first step towards the cause of a universal education through the standardisation of Malayalam language. But what did a dictionary for all and by implication a language for all mean to the Kerala society? For centuries, much of the literary output in Kerala was in Sanskrit language, even as Malayalam continued its sway. The diversity of the language system in Kerala navigated its way through the hierarchies of caste and class tensions, springing up new genres from time to time within these dichotomies. Like many other vernacular languages in India, the Malayalam language system remained as the society it was in, decentralised and plural. This fell into sharp relief against the language systems of modern post-renaissance Europe with its standardised languages and uniform education. The colonial project in India aimed at reconstructing the existing language hierarchies by standardising the vernaculars and replacing Sanskrit as the language of cosmopolitan reach and cultural hegemony with English. Bilingualism and translation was key to this process as it seemed to provide a point of direct cultural linkage between the vernacular Indian cultures and Europe. This paper argues that Gundert’s bilingual dictionary features itself in this attempt at the modernisation of Malayalam by reconstructing the existing hierarchies of Kerala culture through the standardisation of Malayalam and the replacement of Sanskrit with a new cosmopolitan language and cultural values.

scholarly journals The digital cartographic reconstruction of the 1897 ‘Mátra Guide’ (Hungary)

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Edina Hajdú ◽  
Márton Pál
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Road Network ◽  
Topographic Maps ◽  
Mountain Range ◽  
Surrounding Area ◽  
Heritage Preservation ◽  
Habsburg Empire ◽  
Tourist Destinations ◽  
The 19Th Century

Abstract. The Mátra Mts has been one of the most frequented tourist destinations since the second half of the 19th century. This area – the highest mountain range in Hungary – offers a wide variety of free-time activities, geographical and cultural values. Because of these attractions, the tourism importance of the Mátra Mts has been recognised relatively early. The first tourist association was established in 1877 by Kolos Hanák and István Széky. They published the ‘Mátra Guide’ in the same year and reissued it in 1897 with minor revisions. This publication presents the natural-cultural values and the tourism infrastructure of the surrounding area. They also describe interesting hiking routes all around the Mátra. Although the most important sights were illustrated, no cartographic representation was published. In this study we processed the content of the book: every localizable site and tourism facility were visualised applying GIS techniques. A base map of relief, watercourses, road network and settlements were edited using the 2nd military survey topographic maps of Habsburg Empire (to present former conditions), the 1933 ‘Mátra’ hiking map and hillshading (generated from SRTM). The digitized tourism elements from the book were visualised on this ‘historical hiking map’ using Leaflet. As the final online map is available to everybody, the early condition and infrastructure of tourism can be easily examined. This work contributes to the visual heritage preservation of the Mátra Mts: it may strengthen the knowledge on tourism history and digital cartographic solutions.

A REVIEW OF URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF BESIKTAS-YILDIZ FROM THE 19TH CENTURY TO THE PRESENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dilsat Deniz BINDAL
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Economic Structure ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
Ancient Times ◽  
Physical Changes ◽  
Conclusion Section ◽  
The 19Th Century

The Besiktas district located in the Bogazici side of Istanbul experienced various changes throughout history. Considering these changes, there were no settlements in this district in ancient times. The district hosted three important structures in the Byzantine period and developed the identity of a settlement during the Ottoman Period. Besiktas became a region where palaces and pavilions were located and noble families and officers lived during the reign of Suleyman the Magnificent. As Sultan Abdulhamid the Second moved into Yıldız Palace, the district became the administrative region of the Ottomans. Therefore, the district experienced various urban changes and hosted many innovations. The region having historical and cultural values keeps its importance until today. The aim of the present study is to reveal the physical changes in the Besiktas-Yıldız region throughout history according to the requirements, cultural structural changes and regulations. Accordingly, the assessment section was addressed in three sections; until 19 th century, during 19 th century and after 19th century. The relevant literature was reviewed to determine the changing socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of the region in stated period. The analyses of the physical changes were presented on maps and figures of that period. In the conclusion section, the factors that caused the changes were addressed.

Anti-Semitism including the Holocaust

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Anti Semitism ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The 19Th Century

Anti-Semitism, a term coined in Europe at the end of the 19th century, is the hatred of Jews and Jewishness, the latter being perceived in widely varying and contradictory ways. By the early 20th century, Jewishness was associated negatively with capitalism as well as with Communism and an adherence to ancient, outmoded beliefs and keenness toward urban and modernist sensibilities. Purveyors of anti-Semitism drew caricatures of Jews to fit a variety of exclusionary agendas, casting blame on the minority group for upsetting Christian, nativist, and purist values in politics, nationalism, religion, or culture. Modernist artists who were prone to agree with arguments that foretold the decline of civilization drew on the figure of the Jew to embody a series of malaises, depicting Jews as unwanted, archetypal Others to Western cultural values.

scholarly journals HISTORIOGRAPHICAL DISCOURSE ON THE ROLE OF ARCHETYPES IN STABILIZATION OF THE CONFLICT DEVELOPMENT OF UKRAINIANS’ NATIONAL IDENTITY IN THE EMPERIAL AGE

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Nataliia Semerhei
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Social Scientists ◽  
Cultural Revival ◽  
Creative Processes ◽  
Religious Traditions ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the analysis of modern Ukrainian researches about place and role of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality in genesis of national and cultural revival and development of the Ukrainian identity in the second half of the 19th century. Archetypes are studied as the source structure of collective unconscious national ideas, which are presented as common ideas, feelings, and stories, characters that determine social, cultural and religious traditions of ethnos. It has been found out, that within the framework of modern Ukrainian studies, integration of archetypical methodology with a research of social, cultural and spiritual aspects of development of Ukrainian society is rather slight but it considerably contrasts with the exceptional cognitive value of analysis on the domestic historical processes and events in terms of archetypes and mentality. It is shown that modern historians and social scientists identify the structural archetype components of Ukrainian mentality as factors and basis of national movement and Ukrainian revival. Modern historian G. Kasyanov determines a time frame for these events: the end of the 18th – 90s of the 20th century. At the same time, scientists pay attention to the fact that state, political and ideological conditions when Ukrainian lands were under Romanov and Habsburg Empires also influenced a structure of Ukrainian archetype. This fact caused some changes in Ukrainian identity, appearance of so called Little-Russians identity and syndrome of double loyalty (Y. Kalakura and others). Scientists consider that Ukrainian national peculiarities (agriculture, individualism, tolerance, democracy, love of freedom, peaceful nature, instability and inconsistency, lack of collective will and national solidarity) influenced the dynamics and character of state creative processes in different ways. These national peculiarities were driving force of changes and, at the same time, had destructive influence on state creative processes in imperial age. Historians believe that such fundamental principles of Ukrainian identity as archetype of motherland (agro-based production, social and historical, spiritual and cultural aspects) were formed exactly in the 19th century. In that period, such triad of Ukrainian mentality as House-Field-Temple, archetype of collegiality of ethnos and others has also emerged. The author comes to the conclusion that research of archetypes of Ukrainian mentality enables to find out the ideological source of those spiritual, national and social and cultural values and senses which became the basis for national and cultural revival in imperial age. Moreover, archetypical verification of modern public policy for the purpose its correlation to national, spiritual and cultural identity of the Ukrainians is of great importance for the progress and efficiency of modern state creative processes.

Hasidism

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Biale
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Jewish Life ◽  
Religious Movement ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
State Of Israel ◽  
Jewish Religion

Hasidism, an eastern European movement of religious pietism (the word hasidut means piety), has played a key role in Jewish life for the last 250 years. Starting in the mid-18th century, it infused the Jewish religion with new values by democratizing access to the divine and created a new social structure around wonder-working rabbis (rebbes or zaddikim). It also excited intense opposition, first among the Polish-Lithuanian rabbinical elite, which, in turn, devised new cultural values in order to refute Hasidism. In the 19th century, it became the target of sustained attacks by the new movement of Jewish enlightenment (Haskalah), which also developed its ideology at least partly in contradistinction to Hasidism. Despite these opponents, Hasidism gradually became the most influential religious movement among eastern European Jews by the mid-19th century. However, its power was eroded by the forces of modernization, urbanization, and emigration and it was dealt a near-death blow by the Holocaust. Nevertheless, the remnants of the movement reconstituted themselves, particularly in the new state of Israel and North America to the point where Hasidism has now once again become a force to be reckoned with in Jewish religious life.

scholarly journals Twórcze echa neurotycznej młodości Żeromskiego, czyli pisarstwo wywiedzione z Dzienników

2016 ◽  
pp. 67-85
Author(s):  
Radosław Okulicz-Kozaryn
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Laboratory Sample ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Literary Awareness ◽  
Literary Output ◽  
The 19Th Century

Until now, Stanisław Żeromski’s writings have not been viewed with regard to literature common to the age of anxiety from the turn of the eighties and nineties of the 19th century, though there are numerous common aspects shared by both. These are clearly discernible in the early works of the writer, written in his youthful days, and shaped among others by J. Ochorowicz’s literary piece Z dziennika psychologa (“From a psychologist’s diary”) concerning the latter’s views on the neuropsychological system of man, the acquired habitual self-analysis and autobiographism rooted in the practical activities of a diarist; all of which surface both in the subject matter, the singularity of style, narration, as well as the composition of later works by the author. By devoting the majority of space and attention to identifying and tracing literary awareness in his intimate notes from 1882 to 1891 – of which one volume carries the title Dziennik człowieka nerwowego (“Diary of the anxious man”) – R. Okulicz-Kozaryn portrays its role in Siłaczka (“The Strongwoman”), Mogiła (“The Grave”) and Źródło (“The Source”), also in Ludzie bezdomni (“The Homeless”). He further claims that Żeromski’s Dzienniki (“Diaries”) should be presented as its laboratory sample, whereas the entire literary output of the writer ought to be interpreted as more advanced consequences of the then initiated experiment.

Institutions and the colonisation of Africa: some lessons from French colonial economics

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 373-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
ABDALLAH ZOUACHE
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Colonial Legacy ◽  
French Colonial ◽  
Private Actors ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Shed Light

AbstractThis paper will propose a comparative analysis of the conceptualization of colonisation that could shed light on the contemporary economic analysis of the colonial legacy in Africa. More specifically, this article will propose a return to old debates on colonisation, with a special focus on French 19th century political economy. Three main institutionalist lessons can be drawn from a careful analysis of French colonial economics of the 19th century. First, by institutions, the authors referred not only to the modes of colonisation – liberalism or collectivism? – but also to the actors: What should be the respective role of states and of private actors (entrepreneurs, banks, settlers) in the colonisation of Africa? Second, the colonial debates involved a discussion of property, whether in the sense of land ownership (individual vs. collective) or under the prism of property rights. Third, the analysis of the colonisation of Africa by French economists reveals an understanding of institutions as cultural values, norms or even racial attributes.

scholarly journals The ‘Local Society’ of Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda Gubernia in the Second Half of the 19th Century

2018 ◽  
pp. 783-792
Author(s):  
Anna K. Gagieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Public Libraries ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Local Society ◽  
Dual Nature ◽  
Charity Organization ◽  
Clear Differentiation ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Town

The article analyses activities of the ‘local society’ of Ust-Sysolsk, Vologda gubernia in the second half of the 19th century. It draws on both published and unpublished historical sources to reconstruct its history. These are known to researchers of problems of culture and education of the Komi population. However, the term ‘local society’ is rarely used. The author defines ‘local society’ of the uezd town of Ust-Sysolsk of the second half of the 19th century as a voluntary self-identifying association of citizens, codified or not, conceived on a on-going basis in order to solve urgent problems of non-productive and non-commercial nature. In the studied period in Ust-Sysolsk there were a boys gymnasium and a girls one, a town school, a vocational school, and a religious college, and also several a parochial and uezd schools. Teachers, town and uezd officials, merchants and townspeople formed the ‘local society.’ The intelligentsia made up for absence of cultural and educational institutions in the town by creating public organizations, whether spontaneously and in an organized way. The spectrum of the Ust-Sysolsk ‘local society’ activities covered spheres of education, charity, organization of public libraries and reading rooms, leisure and scientific expeditions, collecting of ethnographical materials. Cultural and educational activities were purely amateur, of non-professional nature. And yet it bolstered the development of theatre, music, and visual arts in the town. There also were societies ‘just for fun.’ These organized soir?es, feasts, masquerades; in winter constructed an ice rink. The Ust-Sysolsk ‘local society’ had its peculiar features, such as clear differentiation of the citizens’ cultural values and new forms of public associations. Its many events and activities prompted community connections. The ‘local society’ was a ‘school of citizenship’ of sorts, meaning that it produced a sense of public service, duty, and national pride. Performing its different functions, it complemented top-down governance. As it had a dual nature (the nature of its activities was both public and state), in course of reforms the ‘local society’ continued to develop its public spirit.

scholarly journals The Paradigm of Hakka Women in History

Asian Studies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-64
Author(s):  
Sabrina Ardizzoni
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Values ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Ethical Values ◽  
Traditional Values ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Moral Value ◽  
Group Awareness ◽  
Cultural Paradigm ◽  
Individual Consciousness ◽  
The 19Th Century

Hakka studies rely strongly on history and historiography. However, despite the fact that in rural Hakka communities women play a central role, in the main historical sources women are almost absent. They do not appear in genealogy books, if not for their being mothers or wives, although they do appear in some legends, as founders of villages or heroines who distinguished themselves in defending the villages in the absence of men. They appear in modern Hakka historiography—Hakka historiography is a very recent discipline, beginning at the end of the 19th century—for their moral value, not only for adhering to Confucian traditional values, but also for their endorsement of specifically Hakka cultural values. In this paper we will analyse the cultural paradigm that allows women to become part of Hakka history. We will show how ethical values are reflected in Hakka historiography through the reading of the earliest Hakka historians as they depicted Hakka women. Grounded on these sources, we will see how the narration of women in Hakka history has developed until the present day. In doing so, it is necessary to deal with some relevant historical features in the construction of Hakka group awareness, namely migration, education, and women narratives, as a pivotal foundation of Hakka collective social and individual consciousness.

scholarly journals Literary language and literary norm in the interpretation of Ivan Franko

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Olga Zlotnyk-Shagina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
The State ◽  
National Character ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the concept of I. Franko on the development and functioning of the Ukrainian language and its dialects. On the basis of works of the author’s works "Literary language and dialects" and "Speak of the wolf – say for the wolf", modern views on the problem of national and literary language have been formed. The historical-stylistic approach allows to comprehensively analyze Franko’s views on key linguistic concepts – literary language and literary norm as well as a tangent to it – dialectal speech, linguistic flair, the culture of speech, etc. The role of I. Franko in the language disputes at the end of the 19th century is being outlined, in particular his work assesses and determines the role of the figure in the views of contemporary linguistic problems, the place of dialects in the language system, the dynamics of language processes at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries, new trends in the development of lexical and phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language, the enrichment of the stylistic resource of the Ukrainian language, the role of socio-political processes on the state and quality of the Ukrainian language, etc. The author makes a digression to the life and work of I. Franko, specifically to scientific contacts with V. Jagić, J. Collares, M. Grushevsky which allowed to trace the interdependence in the problems of the formation and functioning of the literary language in Serbia and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Macedonia. Consideration of the "single Ukrainian language" for Franko is a key issue addressed in the works of both scientific and journalistic nature. It is important that both Franko and his contemporaries-Slavists, saw in the unity of the language a mental-national character of Ukrainians, which is confirmed by the epistolary heritage of the scientist and can be promising for further analysis of current problems of the Ukrainian language past and present.

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