scholarly journals Literary language and literary norm in the interpretation of Ivan Franko

2019 ◽  
pp. 39-51
Author(s):  
Olga Zlotnyk-Shagina
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Bosnia And Herzegovina ◽  
The State ◽  
National Character ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Language System ◽  
Political Processes ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article deals with the concept of I. Franko on the development and functioning of the Ukrainian language and its dialects. On the basis of works of the author’s works "Literary language and dialects" and "Speak of the wolf – say for the wolf", modern views on the problem of national and literary language have been formed. The historical-stylistic approach allows to comprehensively analyze Franko’s views on key linguistic concepts – literary language and literary norm as well as a tangent to it – dialectal speech, linguistic flair, the culture of speech, etc. The role of I. Franko in the language disputes at the end of the 19th century is being outlined, in particular his work assesses and determines the role of the figure in the views of contemporary linguistic problems, the place of dialects in the language system, the dynamics of language processes at the end of 19th and beginning of 20th centuries, new trends in the development of lexical and phraseological fund of the Ukrainian language, the enrichment of the stylistic resource of the Ukrainian language, the role of socio-political processes on the state and quality of the Ukrainian language, etc. The author makes a digression to the life and work of I. Franko, specifically to scientific contacts with V. Jagić, J. Collares, M. Grushevsky which allowed to trace the interdependence in the problems of the formation and functioning of the literary language in Serbia and Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, Slovenia, and Macedonia. Consideration of the "single Ukrainian language" for Franko is a key issue addressed in the works of both scientific and journalistic nature. It is important that both Franko and his contemporaries-Slavists, saw in the unity of the language a mental-national character of Ukrainians, which is confirmed by the epistolary heritage of the scientist and can be promising for further analysis of current problems of the Ukrainian language past and present.

scholarly journals Los espacios turísticos: producción, experiencias e imaginarios. El caso de la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, 1900-1940

2019 ◽  
pp. 219-246
Author(s):  
Pablo Martínez Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Space Time ◽  
The State ◽  
The South ◽  
Material Production ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
Tourist Experience ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The 19Th Century

Los procesos de producción de espacios turísticos se expresan en sendas espacio-temporales, asociadas a una producción material, como las infraestructuras, equipamiento y conectividad, pero también en una producción inmaterial, basada en la difusión de imaginarios territoriales vinculados a la experiencia turística. Se busca analizar dicho proceso, en la Araucanía andino-lacustre chilena, entre 1900-1940, a partir de los relatos de los primeros viajeros con motivaciones turísticas a finales del siglo XIX y el rol de Estado como actor promotor de la turistificación del territorio en el sur de Chile. The processes of production of tourist spaces are expressed in space-time paths, associated with a material production, such as infrastructures, equipment and connectivity, but also in an immaterial production, based on the diffusion of territorial imaginaries linked to the tourist experience. It is sought to analyze this process, in the Chilean Andean-lacustrine Araucanía, between 1900-1940, based on the account of the first travelers with tourist motivations at the end of the 19th century and the role of the State as a promoter of the touristification of the territory in the South of Chile.

scholarly journals «GRAMMAR» OF PANTELEIMON KULISH IN THE CONTEXT OF UKRAINIAN WRITING

2019 ◽  
pp. 120-127
Author(s):  
Tamara Usatenko ◽  
Galyna Usatenko ◽  
Myroslava Marushchenko
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Native Language ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
The People ◽  
The Creation ◽  
New Literature ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article is devoted to the defining of the phenomena of Ukrainian cultural movement of the 19th century, when under conditions of comprehensive Russification of the Ukrainian community and the influence of the Church Slavonic language as well as of complete lack of education in the native language, the processes of creation of the Ukrainian literary language took place. The new Ukrainian spelling was established, the struggle for teaching in schools in the Ukrainian language was intensified, various styles, and lot of genres of literature in the native language were developed. These searches and comprehension by advanced representatives of political, cultural and social life are considered. It is determined that the spirit of romanticism, European revolutions, the abolition of serfdom, scientific and industrial shifts gave birth to a galaxy of unique Ukrainian thinkers, scientific societies, writers, etc. Among them, Panteleimon Oleksandrovich Kulish (1819-1997) was a significant person due to his energy, ability to organize a business, multifaceted talent, profound knowledge. One of the resonance works of the diverse creative heritage P.O. Kulisha is studied in the article, that is a book for initial education in native language − the "Grammar" of the Ukrainian language, which was highly appreciated by T. Shevchenko. Its structure, the content of each part, the pedagogical role as well as the concept of the author, manifested in its preface and the final part were described. The study emphasizes that in the processes of creating a new literary Ukrainian language, its spelling, writing textbooks, grammars in Ukrainian for initials education, two periods are noticeable: the first one – the 20-30th years of the 19th century, when the problems of the necessity of a new literary language arose, the new literature, preservation of the ethnographic, folklore heritage of the people, the second one – the 40-60th-years was the period of active participation of a new generation of Ukrainian thinkers in the development of the Ukrainian literary language, the creation of new spelling, new literature for primary education in native Ukrainian language. The role of "Grammar" in the formation of a new Ukrainian literary language and its phonetic spelling, in the formation of education in the Ukrainian language, the creation of textbooks in the Ukrainian literary language, and the development of Ukrainian writing are underlined. The emphasis was also put on the introduction of the author's, phonetic spelling, the so-called "Kulishivka" in the "Grammar", which is the basis of the modern Ukrainian spelling. Despite the prohibition of "Valuevsky (1863)" and "Yamsky (1876)" decrees, books and newspapers, although very limited were published in Ukrainian. The article also highlights the following discourses: the role of "Grammar" wrote by P. Kulish (the theory and practice of creating a Ukrainian literary language, the new Ukrainian spelling, which caused the intensification of imperial repressions) and its contemporary significance for the new Ukrainian space of ideas, meanings, communication, methods of publications in the Ukrainian language, as well as some grammatical factors of the theory or history of writing: the language of sound - the language of the book: thinking - writing, writing - thinking; sound - letter, letter - sound; "science of reading" - writing, etc. Comparison of discourses contributes to the conclusion that the development of the living language, sound of language during writing has been improved so complex and multifaceted in the 19th century that passed later in the 20th century, and even in the 21st century remain controversial, as evidenced by the lengthy discussion of the “Project of the New Ukrainian spelling”.

scholarly journals The role of confucianism in sociopolitics of the Nguyen dynasty in the first half of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
鬼谷 子
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Role ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
The State ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 19Th Century

The research focuses on how the Nguyen dynasty it became the first to have the largest territory in the history of Vietnam in its nearly 60 years of establishing and reigning over the unified country in the first half of the 19th century. It is seen that in terms of organizing the state apparatus, Gia Long and Minh Mang retained the system of agencies of the previous dynasties and continued reforms to ensure socio-political stability in their governance at that time. The study also clarifies the social role of Confucianism in the Nguyen dynasty, i.e. in the first half of the 19th century, which, in our opinion, is theoretically and practically significant, with the hope of further unraveling the role of Confucianism in that period.

Marcel Proust : la Berma, figure de l’artiste, figure maternelle

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 203-220
Author(s):  
Mireille Naturel
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Marcel Proust ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Social Challenge ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Main Model ◽  
Family Matter

"Marcel Proust : The Berma, Actress’ Figure, Motherhood’s Character. La Berma is an actress in Proust’s novel À la recherche du temps perdu. Her main model is Sarah Bernhardt and she has the same beautiful voice, a golden voice. Both of them are famous for their role of Phèdre in Racine’s drama. Theatre represents firstly a family matter and a social challenge. The child discovers theatre outside theatre where he is not allowed to go, that is on posters from the Morris column. And the first approach is semiotic. Theatre is included in narration, through two performances that the hero attends. With them, we have an image of theatre in the 19th century, from a sociological and artistic point of view. In the first one, theatre is considered as a low art and actresses are immoral women. Theatre is a cruel world which leads from glory to death, brings rivalry between actresses. In the latter, theatre is above all a text; Proust is interested in gesture and costume. He is focused on the quality of interpretation in comparison with the role. He shows that interpretation is a real art, which can be compared to painting and music. Keywords: art, gesture, interpretation, verse, voice, Phèdre, Proust, Sarah Bernhardt."

The role of the Qachaq movement in the development of national consciousness in Azerbaijan

2020 ◽  
Vol 58 (9) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
Rafail Ayvaz Ahmadli ◽  
◽  
Lala Yashar Ahmadova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
National Character ◽  
National Consciousness ◽  
Ordinary People ◽  
The North ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The 19Th Century

The article discusses the role of the "gachag movement (a form of rebel movement of fugitives)" in the formation of national self-consciousness in the north of Azerbaijan, the reasons for its occurrence, an appreciation of their struggle against the russian imperial regime and against the dishonesty of local oppressors by this regime, explores the causes of popular love, praise, protection and the creation of heroic epics about them. The article reveals the special activities of such famous fugitives who gained respect among ordinary people for their courage in the second half of the 19th and early 20th centuries, us Gachag Nyabi from Gubadli (in the former Zangezur district), Dely Alu and Gambar from Ganja, Suleiman, Murtuza and Mamed-Bek Cavalier from Karabakh, Yusif from Zagatala, Karim Efendi oglu Gutgashenli from Nukha, Gachag Karim from Gazakh and the woman Gachag Gulsum from Shamkir popularly known as “Gachag Suleiman”. The article emphasizes not only the national character of the "gachag movement" in Azerbaijan, but also their contribution to the formation of national self-consciousness to a greater extent than the role of thinkers of that time. Key words: North Azerbaijan, national identity, the Russian imperial regime, the "gachag movement", the occupation of Russian imperia, the 19th century, the struggle, local beks (nobles), gentlemen (little nobles)

scholarly journals Protection of State Border in Caucasus at End of 19th Century: Karsk Border Brigade

2021 ◽  
pp. 413-426
Author(s):  
K, A. Pavlov ◽  
O. B. Klochkov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Military Units

The process of formation and development of the protection of the state border in the Caucasus at the end of the 19th century (using the example of the Karsk border brigade) is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that in historical research insufficient attention is paid to the protection of the state border in the Caucasus by border guard units at the end of the 19th century. It is shown that under the conditions of the introduction of protective customs duties, as a result of which smuggling activities began to develop actively, without specialized units, the Russian Empire was unable to protect its economic interests in the border space in the Caucasus. It is noted that the development of the state border guard system was carried out in a tense, unstable military-political situation, accompanied by constant armed clashes with bandit formations. It is indicated that in these conditions, the protection of the state border was carried out by the border guards together with military units, which in turn negatively affected the quality of the protection of the economic interests of the Russian Empire in the region. It is concluded that the development of the system for protecting the state border in the Caucasus was a consequence of the existing threats to national security in the region.

Habit as Switchpoint

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tom Crook
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
The Self ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 19Th Century

Building on Mary Poovey’s reflections, this article outlines a two-fold genealogy of habit in the context of the philosophy and practice of liberalism. One aspect relates to the word ‘habit’, which by the 19th century had come to mean the repetitive actions of the body and mind, thus shedding its former association with dress and collective customs. The second relates to how ‘habit’ functioned as a means of mediating the tensions of liberalism, three in particular: between the self and the social; between an individual’s past, present and future actions; and between the role of the state and the role of self-government.

scholarly journals Kazanga. Ethnicity in Africa between State and Tradition

Afrika Focus ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wim Van Binsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Key Words ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Court Culture ◽  
Expressive Culture ◽  
Modern Mass ◽  
The 19Th Century

The production of cultural forms at the interface between a rural-based tradition and the state is a familiar aspect of ethnicity in contemporary Africa. This paper seeks to identify some of the characteristics of thisprocess, whose products are too often misunderstood, and cherished, as 'authentic' forms of 'tradition'. Highlighting the role of ethnic brokers, of the modern mass media, and of a model of commoditifled 'performance ' as an aspect of contemporary electronic mass culture, the argument explores the production of expressive culture in the context of the Kazanga cultural association and its Kazanga annual festival among the Nkoya people of central western Zambia since the early 1980s, against the background of Nkoya ethnicity and Nkoya expressive and court culture since the 19th century. KEY WORDS: associations, brokers, commoditification, dance, ethnicity, festivals, music, Nkoya, state, Zambia 

scholarly journals Kazanga – Ethnicité en Afrique Entre État et Tradition

Afrika Focus ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 17-41
Author(s):  
Wim van Binsbergen
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mass Culture ◽  
The State ◽  
Court Culture ◽  
Expressive Culture ◽  
Cultural Forms ◽  
The 19Th Century

Kazanga – Ethnicity in Africa Between State and Tradition The production of cultural forms at the interface between a rural-based tradition and the state is a familiar aspect of ethnicity in contemporary Africa. This paper seeks to identify some of the characteristics of this process, whose products are too often misunderstood, and cherished, as ‘authentic’ forms of ‘tradition’. Highlighting the role of ethnic brokers, of the modem mass media, and of a model of commoditified ‘performance’ as an aspect of contemporary electronic mass culture, the argument explores the production of expressive culture in the context of the Kazanga cultural association and its Kazanga annual festival among the Nkoya people of central western Zambia since the early 1980s, against the background of Nkoya ethnicity and Nkoya expressive and court culture since the 19th century.

scholarly journals Martti Rapolan 1800-luvun sanakokoelma, sen tausta ja vaikutus

Virittäjä ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 122 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Petri Lauerma
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Word Meaning ◽  
Active Phase ◽  
Lexical Selection ◽  
Literary Language ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Influential Book ◽  
The 19Th Century

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan Martti Rapolan (1891–1972) sanakokoelmaa. Rapola tutki murteiden ohessa Ruotsin vallan ajan kirjasuomea uransa alusta saakka, mutta hän alkoi julkaista tutkimuksia 1800-luvun kielestä vasta 1930-luvulla saatuaan Suomen kirjakielen kehitys -teoksensa (1933) ensimmäisen osan julki. Vuosikymmenen jälkipuoliskolla hän alkoi koota aineistoa, josta vähitellen muotoutui merkitysten mukaan jaoteltu sanakokoelma. Aktiivisinta tämän kokoelman keruu ja hyödyntäminen tutkimuksessa näyttäisi olleen sotavuosina 1940-luvun alkupuoliskolla, jolloin julkiset arkistokokoelmat eivät olleet käytettävissä. Näkemyksensä 1800-luvun kielen kehityksestä Rapola kiteytti vuonna 1945 julkaisemansa suppean Vanha kirjasuomi -teoksen loppulukuun. Tätä hän ei teoksen myöhemmissä painoksissa enää muuttanut, vaikka hän julkaisikin laajimmat 1800-luvun kieltä koskevat erityistutkimuksensa vasta tämän jälkeen. Rapola hyödynsi sanakokoelmaansa vielä julkaistessaan valikoiman Sanastomme ensiesiintymiä Agricolasta Yrjö-Koskiseen (1960), mutta tässä teoksessa hän tarkasteli otsikon mukaisesti vain kirjasuomeen vakiintunutta sanastoa, joten suurin osa hänen kokoamastaan aineistosta jäi hyödyntämättä. Rapolan 1800-luvun sanakokoelman on arvioitu käsittävän 44 000 sanalippua. Näistä pieni osa on poimintoja suomen murteista, vanhasta kirjasuomesta ja 1900-luvun kielestä, mutta valtaosa lipuista on poimintoja erilaisista 1800-luvun lähteistä: sanakirjoista ja sanastoista, kirjoista ja lehtiartikkeleista, (etupäässä julkaistujen editioiden kautta) hiukan myös kirjeistä ja päiväkirjoista. Lähteitä on kaikkiaan lähes 900. Niistä suurin osa on 1820–1860-luvuilta; etenkin vuosisadan äärivuosikymmeniltä lähteitä on niukasti. Rapola keskittyi poimimaan kirjasuomen itäisten kehittäjien tuotantoa. Nimekkeiden määrän pohjalta aineistossa parhaiten edustettuina ovat Elias Lönnrot, August Ahlqvist ja Volmar Schildt-Kilpinen, näitä harvinaisempina Reinhold von Becker, Carl Axel Gottlund ja eräät Suomettaren toimittajat. Länsisuomalaisia kielenkäyttäjiä Rapola on poiminut selvästi vähemmän, mikä liittyy osittain siihen, että hän on tarkastellut hyvin niukasti vanhan läntisen kirjakielen suorinta jatkumoa edustavaa 1800-luvun hengellistä kirjasuomea. Poimintojensa niukkuuden vuoksi kirjasuomen pohjoisten kehittäjien, kuten Carl Niclas Keckmanin ja Klaus Johan Kemellin, merkitys ei Rapolalle auennut eikä hän täysin ymmärtänyt hämäläisen Jaakko Juteininkaan roolia. Näin Rapolan sanakokoelman painotukset muokkasivat 1800-luvun kirjasuomesta hänen tutkimustensa kautta vakiintunutta kuvaa. Tämä alkoi muuttua vasta, kun tutkimuksessa alettiin tarkastella myös sellaisia aihealueita ja henkilöitä, joita Rapola oli tutkinut vain niukasti, jos lainkaan.   The 19th-century word collection of Martti Rapola, its background and influence Martti Rapola (1891–1972) conducted research on Finnish dialects and Old Literary Finnish throughout his long career. It was not until 1933, however, that he published his first study on 19th-century Finnish, after the publication of his influential book Suomen kirjakielen kehitys (‘The Development of the Finnish Literary Language’). In the late 1930s, Rapola began collecting material for what would develop into a word collection of 19th-century Finnish based on word meaning. This collection is the focus of this article. The most active phase in the collection and study of this material seems to have been during the war years 1940–1945, when public archive collections were not at his disposal. In 1945 Rapola published the booklet Vanha kirjasuomi (Old Literary Finnish), in the final chapter of which he went on to formulate his ideas on the development of 19th-century Finnish as well. He did not revise his early thoughts on this subject, even though he published his most substantial studies on 19th-century Finnish in the late 1940s and the 1950s. In 1960 Rapola published Sanastomme ensiesiintymiä, a lexical selection of the first appearances of Finnish words. In this book he only dealt with words still in use, leaving the bulk of his collection unpublished. In its entirety, Rapola’s collection contains approximately 44 000 word notes. The majority of these are based on dictionaries, glossaries, books and articles published in the 19th century, and only a small fraction contains either earlier or later literary language, or material from unpublished sources such as diaries and letters. The list of sources consists of nearly 900 bibliographical entries. These are predominantly from the years 1820–1870; thus, both the beginning and the end of the century are sparsely represented. Rapola focused largely on works by 19th-century representatives of eastern Finnish dialects. Authors like Elias Lönnrot, August Ahlqvist and Volmar Schildt-Kilpinen are very well represented in the collection, while there is less material from Reinhold von Becker, Carl Axel Gottlund and some of the editors of the magazine Suometar. Rapola showed less interest in the works of western dialect representatives, especially for religious literature, which had a long tradition in Western Finland. Due to the scarcity of western material, he failed in his studies to understand the role of the Tavastian author Jaakko Juteini as well as the significance of northern Finnish writers. It was not until scholars started to pay attention to individuals and themes largely overlooked by Rapola that views on 19th-century Finnish began to reach a new stage of development.

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