scholarly journals Application of Satellite Data to Monitoring Snow Cover and Runoff in Greenland

1988 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 225-236 ◽  
Author(s):  
Henrik Søgaard ◽  
Thorkild Thomsen
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Drainage Basins ◽  
Simulation Data ◽  
Hydrological Simulation ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Degree Day ◽  
Noaa Avhrr

Based on NOAA-AVHRR satellite data and runoff records from one of the major drainage basins in Western Greenland methods for monitoring snow cover, snowpack water equivalent and runoff have been elaborated and evaluated by use of field observations and hydrological simulation. Data from six years and more than 40 satellite scenes have been used in the analysis. A procedure for snow cover mapping in areas with alpine relief is presented, and it is shown that the snowpack water equivalent can be derived by applying either a hydrological simulation or a degree-day approach. Finally, the applicability of the results with respect to hydro-power production in Greenland is discussed.

scholarly journals Assimilation of satellite information in a snowpack model to improve characterization of snow cover for runoff simulation and forecasting

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 5505-5536
Author(s):  
L. S. Kuchment ◽  
P. Romanov ◽  
A. N. Gelfan ◽  
V. N. Demidov
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Satellite Data ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Forest Cover ◽  
Snow Water Equivalent ◽  
Tree Cover ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Runoff Simulation ◽  
Noaa Avhrr

Abstract. A new technique for constructing spatial fields of snow characteristics for runoff simulation and forecasting is presented. The technique incorporates satellite land surface monitoring data and available ground-based hydrometeorological measurements in a physical based snowpack model. The snowpack model provides simulation of temporal changes of the snow depth, density and water equivalent (SWE), accounting for snow melt, sublimation, refreezing melt water and snow metamorphism processes with a special focus on forest cover effects. The model was first calibrated against available ground-based snow measurements and then was applied to calculate the spatial distribution of snow characteristics using satellite data and interpolated ground-based meteorological data. The remote sensing data used in the model consist of products derived from observations of MODIS and AMSR-E instruments onboard Terra and Aqua satellites. They include daily maps of snow cover, snow water equivalent (SWE), land surface temperature, and weekly maps of surface albedo. Maps of land cover classes and tree cover fraction derived from NOAA AVHRR were used to characterize the vegetation cover. The developed technique was tested over a study area of approximately 200 000 km2 located in the European part of Russia (56° N to 60° N, and 48° E to 54° E). The study area comprises the Vyatka River basin with the catchment area of 124 000 km2. The spatial distributions of SWE, obtained with the coupled model, as well as solely from satellite data were used as the inputs in a physically-based model of runoff generation to simulate runoff hydrographs on the Vyatka river for spring seasons of 2003, 2005. The comparison of simulated hydrographs with the observed ones has shown that suggested procedure gives a higher accuracy of snow cover spatial distribution representation and hydrograph simulations than the direct use of satellite SWE data.

Standardization of Cross Flow Turbine Design for Typical Micro-Hydro Site Conditions in Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Chattha ◽  
M. S. Khan ◽  
H. Iftekhar ◽  
S. Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Power ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Turbine Design ◽  
Typical Site

Pakistan has a hydro potential of approximately 42,000MW; however only 7,000MW is being utilized for electrical power production [1, 2]. Out of 42,000 MW, micro hydro potential is about 1,300MW [1, 2]. For typical site conditions (available flow rate and head) in Pakistan, Cross Flow Turbines (CFTs) are best suited for medium head 5–150m [3] for micro-hydro power production. The design of CFT generally includes details of; the diameter of the CFT runner, number of blades, radius of curvature and diameter ratio. This paper discusses the design of various CFTs for typical Pakistan site conditions in order to standardize the design of CFTs based on efficiency that is best suited for a given site conditions. The turbine efficiency as a function of specific speed will provide a guide for cross flow turbine selection based on standardized turbine for manufacturing purposes. Standardization of CFT design will not only facilitate manufacturing of CFT based on the available site conditions with high turbine efficiency but also result in reduced manufacturing cost.

scholarly journals Towards a global glacier inventory from satellite data

2010 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Glacier Inventory ◽  
Digital Format ◽  
Run Off ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
The 1960S

Abstract. There is a major need for a complete and detailed global glacier inventory that is freely available in a digital format (vector outlines with attribute data) for all kinds of glaciological assessments, e.g. sea level rise, hydro-power, run-off and natural hazards. However, such an inventory is not yet available and the uncertainties due to the missing data for related calculations are large. While the existing World Glacier Inventory offers tabular data that were compiled from aerial photography and maps during the 1960s to 1970s for about 72'000 glaciers, current efforts are being exerted within the framework of the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space (GLIMS) initiative to compile vector outlines from satellite data and combine them with digital elevation models (DEMs). At this point, inventory data from about 100'000 of the estimated 160'000 glaciers are available in the GLIMS database. Due to the now free availability of satellite data from the United States Geological Survey's archive and near global DEMs with appropriate spatial resolution, a globally complete and detailed glacier inventory appears viable. This contribution provides an overview of past and ongoing activities related to the creation of glacier inventory data from satellite sensors, along with the methods employed and the challenges encountered in different parts of the world.

The use of Satellite Imagery in Investigating the Dynamics of the Ice and Snow Cover Lake Baikal

2003 ◽  
Vol 34 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.V. Semovski ◽  
N. Yu Mogilev
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Lake Baikal ◽  
Satellite Imagery ◽  
Ice Cover ◽  
Unfrozen Water ◽  
Processing Strategy ◽  
Noaa Avhrr ◽  
Satellite Information ◽  
Process Studies ◽  
Snow And Ice

The generation and sample applications of a set of multispectral remotely sensed products for investigations of Lake Baikal's ice cover variability are described. During the period from mid-January to the end of April, the lake is completely covered with ice, and by analyzing satellite information it is possible to investigate in detail the distribution and dynamics of the main types of snow and ice cover. Different ice cover classes and unfrozen water distributions are estimated from calibrated and navigated NOAA AVHRR 1.1-km imagery of Lake Baikal for January 1994 through May 1999. The processing strategy and characteristics of the products are reviewed. The utility of this type of multiparameter dataset for modelling applications and process studies is discussed. ERS SAR and Resurs images are used for detailed representation of different ice classes distributions.

scholarly journals The 2017 Rigopiano Avalanche—Dynamics Inferred from Field Observations

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Dieter Issler
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Snow Avalanche ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Flow Front ◽  
Moderate Amount ◽  
Vulnerability Curve ◽  
Abruzzo Region ◽  
Avalanche Dynamics ◽  
Different Parts

Data on the disastrous snow avalanche that occurred on 18 January 2017 at the spa hotel Rigopiano, municipality of Farindola in the Abruzzo region of central Italy, are analyzed in different ways. The main results are the following. (i) The 2017 Rigopiano avalanche went beyond the run-out point predicted by the topographic-statistical α-β model with standard Norwegian calibration, while avalanches in neighboring paths appear to have run no farther than the β-point of their respective paths during the same period. (ii) The curvature and super-elevation of the trimline between 1500 and 1300 m a.s.l. indicate that the velocity of the front was around 40 m s−1. In contrast, the tail velocity of the avalanche can hardly have exceeded 25 m s−1 in the same segment. (iii) The deposits observed along all of the lower track and in the run-out zone suggest that the avalanche eroded essentially the entire snow cover, but fully entrained only a moderate amount of snow (and debris). The entrainment appears to have had a considerable decelerating effect on the flow front. (iv) Estimates of the degree to which different parts of the building were damaged is combined with information about the location of the persons in the building and their fates. This allows to refine a preliminary vulnerability curve for persons in buildings obtained from the 2015 Longyearbyen avalanche, Svalbard.

Estimating drainage area-based snow-cover percentages from NOAA AVHRR images

2002 ◽  
Vol 23 (15) ◽  
pp. 2971-2988 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Matikainen ◽  
R. Kuittinen ◽  
J. Vepsäläinen
Keyword(s):  
Snow Cover ◽  
Drainage Area ◽  
Noaa Avhrr
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