Standardization of Cross Flow Turbine Design for Typical Micro-Hydro Site Conditions in Pakistan

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Chattha ◽  
M. S. Khan ◽  
H. Iftekhar ◽  
S. Shahid
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Power ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Turbine Design ◽  
Typical Site

Pakistan has a hydro potential of approximately 42,000MW; however only 7,000MW is being utilized for electrical power production [1, 2]. Out of 42,000 MW, micro hydro potential is about 1,300MW [1, 2]. For typical site conditions (available flow rate and head) in Pakistan, Cross Flow Turbines (CFTs) are best suited for medium head 5–150m [3] for micro-hydro power production. The design of CFT generally includes details of; the diameter of the CFT runner, number of blades, radius of curvature and diameter ratio. This paper discusses the design of various CFTs for typical Pakistan site conditions in order to standardize the design of CFTs based on efficiency that is best suited for a given site conditions. The turbine efficiency as a function of specific speed will provide a guide for cross flow turbine selection based on standardized turbine for manufacturing purposes. Standardization of CFT design will not only facilitate manufacturing of CFT based on the available site conditions with high turbine efficiency but also result in reduced manufacturing cost.

Design of a Cross Flow Turbine for a Micro-Hydro Power Application

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed A. Chattha ◽  
Mohammad S. Khan ◽  
Syed T. Wasif ◽  
Osama A. Ghani ◽  
Mohammad O. Zia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Radius Of Curvature ◽  
Main Stream ◽  
Site Conditions ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Hydro Power

The total installed capacity of the hydropower stations in Pakistan is about 7,000 MW which is about 20% of the total available hydro power potential. For possible micro-hydro stations, a potential of about 1300 MW exists at a number of low head and high flow rate sites. Work has been reported by Chattha et al. [1, 2] related to installation of a micro-hydro power station at one of the typical sites. An axial flow pump-as-turbine (PaT) was installed to generate electrical power at the micro-hydro station. The site selected for this work is quite typical and efforts are now being made to utilize the maximum potential of the site conditions. The PaT only utilizes about half of the available flow of water and a spillway was constructed at this site to divert the excess amount of water. The diverted water flows back to the main stream after bypassing the PaT. Work is now being carried out to explore the installation of a turbine in the spillway to harness the energy potential of the diverted water stream. This work includes selection, design, fabrication and installation of a turbine in order to generate electrical power utilizing the energy of water diverted to the spillway. A 100 ft3/sec flow rate with about 11 ft head is available at the spillway side. Considering these site conditions and indigenous fabrication expertise, cross flow type turbine has been selected for installation. Cross flow turbines are being manufactured in Pakistan and are usually quite successful for micro-hydro systems. Based on the available site conditions, a cross flow turbine has been designed. The diameter and length of the turbine runner have been calculated. Furthermore, the number of blades and radius of curvature have been determined along with other design parameters. The designed turbine is expected to produce about 50 kW of power. The complete design of the turbine, based on the available site conditions is presented in this paper.

Unsteady Flow Analysis of the Vertical Axis Cross-Flow Wind Turbine

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Ejiri ◽  
S. Yabe ◽  
S. Hase ◽  
M. Ogiwara
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Flow Analysis ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Guide Vanes ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Turbine Runner ◽  
Entire Flow ◽  
Improved Design ◽  
Turbine Design

Flow through the vertical axis cross-flow wind turbine was analyzed using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) to clarify current aerodynamic issues and to propose an improved design configuration for achieving better performance. The computed torque coefficients and power coefficients of a reference cross-flow wind turbine runner were compared with the experimental results. Flow around each blade of the turbine runner was then investigated based on the computed flow results. As a countermeasure to the issues found, a new wind turbine design was devised which has two guide vanes point-symmetrically arranged outside the turbine runner. It was experimentally shown that this improved design with the guide vanes increased turbine efficiency. However, performance predictions by CFD lack sufficient accuracy in the case of the turbine runner with the guide vanes, where complexity and unsteadiness prevail over the entire flow fields.

scholarly journals Effect of Variation of Design Parameters on Cross Flow Turbine Efficiency Using ANSYS

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Manchan Tiwari ◽  
Rajendra Shrestha
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Outer Radius ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Curvature Radius ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Steady State Condition ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Hydro Power Plants

Most of the major micro hydro power plants in Nepal uses Crossflow turbine for power generation which are manufactured locally. However, efficiency of these turbines has not been tested and verified. In this research, Cross flow turbine designs were obtained from local manufacturers. Efficiencies of these turbines were determined using simulation under steady state condition. Efficiencies were verified using the data from the installation site where these designs were used. Different Cross flow turbine models were prepared by varying the curvature radius of the blade and the ratio of inner to outer radius of the runner. The efficiencies of such models were determined using simulation.Journal of the Institute of Engineering, 2017, 13(1): 1-9

Enzyme-assisted pulp refining: an energy saving approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Chhotu Ram ◽  
Adebabay Tazeb
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Paper Industry ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Manufacturing Cost ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Paper Making ◽  
Paper Manufacturing ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Refining Time ◽  
Electrical Power Consumption

AbstractEnergy conservation has become an essential step in pulp and paper industry due to diminishing fossil reserves and high cost of energy. Refining is a mechanical treatment of pulp that modifies the structure of the fibres in order to achieve desired paper-making properties. However, it consumes considerable amount of energy. The electrical power consumption has a direct impact on paper manufacturing cost. Therefore, there is a requirement to minimize the energy cost. Enzyme-assisted refining is the environment friendly option that reduces the energy consumption for papermaking. Enzyme-assisted refining is defined as mechanical refining after pretreatment of pulp with enzymes such as cellulases and hemicellulases. It not only reduces the energy consumption but also improves the quality of finished paper. Enzymes improve the beatability of pulp at same refining degree (°SR) and desired paper properties can be achieved at decreased refining time. The selection of suitable enzyme, optimization of enzyme dose and appropriate reaction time are the key factors for energy reduction and pulp quality improvement during enzyme-assisted refining.

scholarly journals Passive flow control mechanisms with bioinspired flexible blades in cross-flow tidal turbines

2021 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Hoerner ◽  
Shokoofeh Abbaszadeh ◽  
Olivier Cleynen ◽  
Cyrille Bonamy ◽  
Thierry Maître ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Tidal Energy ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Passive Flow Control ◽  
Turbine Efficiency ◽  
Tidal Turbines ◽  
Passive Flow ◽  
Axial Turbines ◽  
The Cost

Abstract State-of-the-art technologies for wind and tidal energy exploitation focus mostly on axial turbines. However, cross-flow hydrokinetic tidal turbines possess interesting features, such as higher area-based power density in array installations and shallow water, as well as a generally simpler design. Up to now, the highly unsteady flow conditions and cyclic blade stall have hindered deployment at large scales because of the resulting low single-turbine efficiency and fatigue failure challenges. Concepts exist which overcome these drawbacks by actively controlling the flow, at the cost of increased mechatronical complexity. Here, we propose a bioinspired approach with hyperflexible turbine blades. The rotor naturally adapts to the flow through deformation, reducing flow separation and stall in a passive manner. This results in higher efficiency and increased turbine lifetime through decreased structural loads, without compromising on the simplicity of the design. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Power Generation In Nigeria: The Past, Present And The Future

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Adeoye Samuel ◽  
◽  
Oladimeji TT ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Power Imbalance ◽  
Power Demand ◽  
Electrical Power System ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
The Future

The goal of power sector in Nigeria is to efficiently and reliably transmit electrical power to all parts of the country which are made up of thirty-six states of the federation and the federal capital territory. The constituents of electrical power system are the generation, transmission, distribution and the utilization of electrical energy. There is gross power imbalance between the generation and the required power demand which has culminated into a defective economy in the last three decades. This paper therefore examines the power imbalance between the generation and power demand by the consumers and therefore stresses the need to harness the opportunity of renewable energy generation close to the gap between the power generation and power demand. This will help in transmitting and distributing efficient, effective, reliable power to consumers and improve both human and capital development. The availability of renewable energy sources such as sun, wind and small hydro power will be explored for the future of power generation in the country to fill in the gap between power generation and demand in Nigeria

scholarly journals Pollution Problems in Koya City due to Private Electrical Generators

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Hayder H. Abbas ◽  
Fakhri H. Ibraheem ◽  
Ahmed A. Maaroof
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Problem ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Environmental Pollutants ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Power Generators ◽  
Number Of Generators ◽  
The World ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Annual Amount

Koya city, like any other city in the world, faces a critical environmental problem which is global warming and the increase in the rate of production of gaseous pollutants. This research is involved with the negative effects of private Electrical Power Generators (EPGs) on the environment in Koya City. The environmental pollutants resulted from EPGs were investigated by performing an actual study on land for the number of (EPGs), types, and distribution. Koya city is divided into 18 quarters. The investigation covers a period from 2009 to 2017, included. The production of power was increased due to the increase in the number of generators and supplying hours. The power production in 2009 was 23,850 megawatt (MW) whereas it was 49,635 MW in 2017. The amount of fuel consumed in 2009–2017 was relatively increased from 30,000 to 62,500 barrel/year. The total amount of pollutants was increased by about 108% during the period 2009–2017. The results showed that the most significant increase in pollutants was carbon dioxide (CO2). The annual amount of (CO2) emitted in 2009 was 6588 tons whereas it has increased in 2017–13710 tons. The conclusion of this study was that the highest pollution occurred in the center of Koya City in Nabeel quarter, which represented 22% of the whole pollutants.

scholarly journals Decentralized wastewater treatment using a bioelectrochemical system to produce methane and electricity

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 613-621
Author(s):  
Cynthia J. Castro ◽  
Varun Srinivasan ◽  
Joshua Jack ◽  
Caitlyn S. Butler
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Bioelectrochemical System ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Electrochemical Systems ◽  
Decentralized Treatment ◽  
Suspended Growth

Biological electrochemical systems (BESs) have the potential for decentralized treatment in developing countries. A 46 L, two-chamber, hydraulically partitioned microbial fuel cell (MFC) was designed to replicate low-flow scenarios leaving a composting toilet. The co-evolution of electricity and methane in this MFC was evaluated by testing two distinct waste streams: synthetic feces (Case F) and municipal primary effluent (Case W). Oxidation of organic matter was 76 ± 24% during Case F and 67 ± 21% during Case W. Methanogenesis was dominant in the anode, yielding potential power of 3.3 ± 0.64 W/m3 during Case F and 0.40 ± 0.07 W/m3 during Case W. Electrical power production was marginal, Case F = 4.7 ± 0.46 and Case W = 10.6 ± 0.39 μW/m3, although potentially useful in energy-limited areas. Complimentary batch cultivations with anode inocula yielded greater methane production in the presence of graphite. 74 ± 11% more methane was produced with graphite than suspended growth enrichments and 58 ± 10% more than enrichments with non-conductive plastic beads. The co-production of methane and electricity in an MFC may have utility in decentralized treatment. Further work is needed to optimize power from both electricity and methane.

Micro-Hydro Power Systems: Current Status and Future Research in Pakistan

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javed A. Chattha ◽  
Mohammad S. Khan ◽  
Anwar ul-Haque
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Cross Flow ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Centrifugal Pumps ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Power Load ◽  
Custom Made

The total installed electric power capacity of Pakistan is about 20,000 MW. Pakistan is currently facing a power deficit of about 4,000 MW. This deficit is creating huge difficulties for the consumers as electrical power load shedding has become a norm in all over the country. Currently only about 33% of the total power is being produced by hydro sources and major electric power is still produced by burning oil and gas. The hydro potential of Pakistan is estimated to be about 41 GW, out of which 1,290 MW can be generated by micro-hydro systems. These potential off grid micro-hydro systems are very essential for the consumers living in the remote areas of Pakistan and may be installed on canals and water falls which are abundant in the remote areas. This paper discusses the potential and the status of installed of hydro power systems in Pakistan. Cross flow turbines are being manufactured in Pakistan and are usually quite successful for micro-hydro systems. However, cross flow turbines are not suitable for majority of the prospective site conditions. Furthermore, custom made conventional turbines are not mass produced and for the micro-hydro systems, standard centrifugal pumps may be used as turbines. These centrifugal pumps are easily available in the market at comparatively much lower cost and shorter delivery periods. A pump was installed at a suitable site for generation of electricity, while running in turbine mode. It was initially estimated that the Pump as Turbine, PaT would be able to generate about 70 kW of power based on the available flow rate and head parameters at the site. Currently only half of that power is being generated by the PaT, under study. Efforts are underway to rectify the problems being faced and improve the power generation capacity of the installed unit. This paper discusses the problems associated with the use of PaT and measures being undertaken to make it feasible for the use of micro-hydro systems. Two major issues; draft tube design and presence of trash in the canal water, responsible for performance deterioration have been discussed in this paper.

Design and Implementation of Z-Source Inverter by Simple Boost Control Technique for Laboratory Scale Micro-Hydro Power Plant Application

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 62-70
Author(s):  
Rizki Mendung Ariefianto ◽  
Rizky Ajie Aprilianto ◽  
Heri Suryoatmojo ◽  
Suwito Suwito
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Harmonic Distortion ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Duty Ratio ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Boost Control

In a power plant such as micro-hydropower (MHP), an induction generator (IG) is usually employed to produce electrical power. Therefore, an inverter is needed to deliver it with high efficiency. Z-source inverter (ZSI) has been introduced as a topology with many advantages over conventional inverters. This research aims to investigate the performance of ZSI based simple boost control (SBC) in laboratory-scale MHP systems using a rewinding induction generator. This research has been conducted both from simulations and experiments. Based on the result, the waveform characteristic and value of ZSI are close to the desired design. A shoot-through duty ratio of 17% can reach 60 Vrms output voltage, and this condition has a conversion ratio of about 2.05 times. Also, SBC can significantly reduce the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD). ZSI efficiency has a value of 84.78% at 50% of rating load 100 W and an average value of 80%. Compared to the previous study, the proposed design has more economical with the same component for the higher rating power. Moreover, it has a smoother and entire output waveform of the voltage.

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