scholarly journals Myth and reality of community ownership and control of community-managed piped water systems in Ghana

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Fielmua
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Community Level ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Services Delivery ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Sustainability Challenges

Abstract Water supply has remained centralised and governments advanced several reasons (health benefits and increase in rural productivity) for the state-led water services delivery. This approach had budgetary and sustainability challenges. This led to a community-based management approach in which communities were required to contribute towards water supply and own the water supply. This paper explores households’ perception of who owns and controls community water systems that were provided under the ambit of community-based management regimes. The study was conducted in four communities in the Upper West Region of Ghana. Data were collected using two main sources: (i) a household survey, using questionnaires; and (ii) a platform, comprising 14 participants. The study found that there is a relationship between community contribution and ownership of the water systems. Community level actors argue that communities own the water systems, because they contributed towards capital cost and are responsible for operations and maintenance. Community level actors have control over the decisions of the water systems. Legal ownership resides in the government and communities manage the water systems and appropriate the returns, thus creating a sense of ownership of the water systems. As such, there is a dualistic ownership of the water systems.

Arsenic Mitigation for Water Supply in Bangladesh: Appropriate Technological and Policy Perspectives

2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bilqis A. Hoque ◽  
Sombo Yamaura ◽  
Akira Sakai ◽  
Sufia Khanam ◽  
Mahbooba Karim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Arsenic Removal ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Removal Technologies ◽  
Alternative Water ◽  
The Government

Abstract Drinking of arsenic-contaminated water and the associated health impacts have been reported in developing and developed countries. Bangladesh is faced with the worst arsenic contamination of groundwater in the world, with an estimated 35 to 77 million people at risk of exposure to drinking arsenic-contaminated tubewell water. Lack of appropriate technologies has complicated and inhibited mitigation initiatives. This paper discusses the data obtained during efforts made to develop technologies for safe water supply by the Government of Bangladesh and its national and international partners. It is expected that the information will contribute towards development of appropriate technologies for water supply for millions of people in Bangladesh and other countries. About 95% of Bangladesh's rural population drinks tubewell water. Both arsenic removal and alternative technologies were widely promoted for water supply in these areas. The government and its national and international development partners developed various arsenic mitigation technologies for water supply, but most of the arsenic removal technologies were promoted without sound testing and showed poor, questionable and/or confusing performance in real situations. Also, use of most of the arsenic removal technologies was discontinued after a few to several months of installation. Concerns about the microbiological contamination of safe feed water during treatment were noted in arsenic removal options, in addition to high costs, efficiency, social and/or other problems. The 2004 National Policy for Arsenic Mitigation and its Implementation Plan stated a need for access to safe drinking water for all through alternative water technologies while arsenic removal technologies are developed and promoted after specified verification. The national policy specified and widely promoted alternative options such as improved dugwells, safe tubewells, pond sand filters, rainwater harvester and piped water systems from arsenic-safe water sources. A few of the promoted alternative options showed poor functional and social performance, in addition to supplying microbiologically contaminated water. Arsenic-safe shallow tubewells, deep tubewells and piped water systems may be regarded as appropriate technologies under the existing conditions when the performance of the arsenic removal and alternative water technologies were compared. There are constraints in promoting those three water technologies in various hydrogeological conditions throughout the county. A wide range of appropriate technologies needs to be developed and promoted, and the issue of how to deal with the existing millions of arsenic-contaminated tubewells also needs to be considered. Research and development of sound sciencebased appropriate technologies are urgently recommended for effective realization of the Millennium Development Goal for safe water.

User fees removal and community-based management of undernutrition in Burkina Faso: what effects on children’s nutritional status?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
David Y Zombré ◽  
Manuela De Allegri ◽  
Valéry Ridde ◽  
Kate Zinszer
Keyword(s):  
Burkina Faso ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Community Level ◽  
User Fees ◽  
Nutrition Status ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Sahel Region ◽  
Intervention District ◽  
Children Under 5

Abstract Objective: To examine the effect of an intervention combining user fees removal with community-based management of undernutrition on the nutrition status in children under 5 years of age in Burkina Faso. Design: The study was a non-equivalent control group post-test-only design based on household survey data collected 4 years after the intervention onset in the intervention and comparison districts. Additionally, we used propensity score weighting to achieve balance on covariates between the two districts, followed by logistic multilevel modelling. Setting: Two health districts in the Sahel region. Participants: Totally, 1116 children under 5 years of age residing in 41 intervention communities and 1305 from 51 control communities. Results: When comparing children living in the intervention district to children living in a non-intervention district, we determined no differences in terms of stunting (OR = 1·13; 95 % CI 0·83, 1·54) and wasting (OR = 1·21; 95 % CI 0·90, 1·64), nor in severely wasted (OR = 1·27; 95 % CI 0·79, 2·04) and severely stunted (OR = 0·99; 95 % CI 0·76, 1·26). However, we determined that 3 % of the variance of wasting (95 % CI 1·25, 10·42) and 9·4 % of the variance of stunting (95 % CI 6·45, 13·38) were due to systematic differences between communities of residence. The presence of the intervention in the communities explained 2 % of the community-level variance of stunting and 3 % of the community-level variance of wasting. Conclusions: With the scaling-up of the national free health policy in Africa, we stress the need for rigorous evaluations and the means to measure expected changes in order to better inform health interventions.

scholarly journals Does the source of water for piped supplies affect child health? Evidence from rural Vanuatu

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 591-595
Author(s):  
Tim Foster ◽  
Emily Rand ◽  
Erie Sami ◽  
Brieana Dance ◽  
Jeremy Kohlitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Service Level ◽  
Water Systems ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Generous Support ◽  
Year 2000 ◽  
Supply Systems

Abstract Piped water systems are considered to provide the highest service level for drinking water supplies; however, global monitoring of safe water access pays little attention to the type of water source that piped systems draw upon, even if the water is not treated prior to distribution. This study sought to understand whether the source of water for untreated piped supplies influences the prevalence of diarrhoea among children in rural Vanuatu. The analysis was based on a dataset integrating a Demographic and Health Survey and a nationwide water supply inventory. After adjusting for a range of potential confounders, the results revealed a significant association between diarrhoea and the type of water source supplying a piped system. Compared with borehole-supplied piped systems, spring-fed piped systems were significantly associated with increased odds of diarrhoea (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 5.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–31, p = 0.040). No significant association between diarrhoea and piped systems drawing on surface water was observed. Increased odds of diarrhoea were significantly associated with water supply systems constructed prior to the year 2000 (AOR 4.9, 95% CI 1.9–13, p = 0.001). The results highlight the need for improvements in spring protection as well as ongoing maintenance and periodic renewal of water supply infrastructure. This article has been made Open Access thanks to the generous support of a global network of libraries as part of the Knowledge Unlatched Select initiative.

scholarly journals Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene Situation in Nepal: A Review

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 65-76
Author(s):  
Chitra Bahadur Budhathoki
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Sanitation Services ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Sanitation And Hygiene ◽  
Toilet Facility ◽  
The Government ◽  
Supply Systems ◽  
Water Supply And Sanitation

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal is a landlocked country located in South Asia. Nepal has made its considerable efforts to improve the water supply and sanitation (WASH) situation in the country by formulating and enforcing a number of WASH policies, guidelines and acts for the last two decades. But WASH situation of Nepal has not been well documented so far. Aim of this article is to describe the situation of water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in Nepal by analyzing secondary data and information obtained from published and unpublished literature. About 97 of the total population have access to basics anitation facilities and 87 percent access to basic water supply facility. Sanitation coverage is95 percent in six Provinces and below 90 percent in Province no. 2 of Nepal. The momentum of sanitation coverage was accelerated immediately after internalization and implementation of the Sanitation and Hygiene Master Plan in 2011 and Nepal reaches at close to the elimination of open defecation. The gap between rich and poor in accessing to and using toilet facility has been narrowing down due to the nationwide sanitation campaigns. But there is disparity in accessing and using piped water between rich and poor. Only 25 percent of water supply systems are well functioning and 68 percent can supply water to water taps throughout year. One-fourth of the existing toilet facility across the country are poorly constructed that needs to be upgraded. The government should make consolidated and integrated efforts to reduce existing inequity in the WASH sector and enhance the sustainability of water supply and sanitation services.

Rainwater tanks in modern cities: a review of current practices and research

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-466 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ashok Kumar Sharma ◽  
Stephen Cook ◽  
Ted Gardner ◽  
Grace Tjandraatmadja
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Supply Source ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Modern Cities ◽  
Rural And Remote Areas ◽  
State Of Research ◽  
Rainwater Tanks

Rainwater tanks often provide a reliable and affordable water supply source in rural and remote areas where piped water supply systems are unfeasible due to economic considerations. However, over recent decades there has been an increase in the adoption of rainwater harvesting as part of the water supply source mix in modern cities. The uptake of rainwater harvesting has been influenced by the rise of ecological sustainable development as a mainstream practice. Rainwater harvesting is now implemented as part of an integrated urban water management approach to alleviate pressure on traditional water supply sources due to increased demand, driven by the rapid growth of urbanised populations. While examples of rainwater harvesting in human settlements can be found since ancient times, there are still gaps in understanding the role that it can play in modern cities. This paper reviews current international experiences with rainwater harvesting, particularly examining the drivers for their adoption in different urban contexts and the impediments faced for greater mainstream adoption. The paper then reviews the current state of research associated with understanding the value of rainwater harvesting in modern cities, which include impacts on reducing mains water demand, public health risks, energy implications, environmental impacts, and cost-effectiveness.

scholarly journals Joint water supply projects in rural Cameroon: partnership or profiteering? Lessons from the Mautu–Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) project

2011 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fidelis Folifac ◽  
Susan Gaskin
Keyword(s):  
Rural Communities ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Attractive Alternative ◽  
Joint Project ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
Development Corporation ◽  
Rural Cameroon ◽  
The Government ◽  
Term Performance

The Government of Cameroon's lack of priority for rural water supply has motivated rural communities to harness their internal capacity and networks for self-help community water supply projects. The emerging paradigm of joint water supply projects between communities in rural Cameroon and large corporations, with both parties as principal beneficiaries (unlike self-help projects where the principal beneficiary is the community), is examined. Our findings, based on the Mautu community and the Cameroon Development Corporation (CDC) joint project, suggest that this paradigm can be an attractive alternative for rural communities to gain access to piped water systems. However, to ensure long term performance of the rural community's distribution network, the more experienced corporate partner should negotiate a fair agreement, integrate capacity building for operation and maintenance, and include future growth and increased demand in the design of the community's network. Significant inequity during design of the supply to the two partners can lead to the dysfunction of the community system and trigger the perception of profiteering by the corporate partner resulting in subsequent vandalism. It is recommended that such joint partnerships be regulated and that local institutions working with rural communities should educate them on available support services.

scholarly journals Keberlanjutan Sistem Penyediaan Air Minum Berbasis Masyarakat Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan Di Kabupaten Purworejo

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 7
Author(s):  
Andito Sidiq Swastomo ◽  
Doddy Aditya Iskandar
Keyword(s):  
Social Capital ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Rural Water Supply ◽  
Rural Water ◽  
The Government

Pencapaian target SDG's penyediaan akses air minum bagi seluruh masyarakat membutuhkan usaha dan kerja keras dari pemerintah. Beberapa program pembangunan infrastruktur air minum telah diluncurkan oleh pemerintah guna memenuhi kebutuhan layanan dasar bagi masyarakat khususnya pada wilayah perdesaan. Namun dalam perkembangan pasa konstruksi, SPAM Desa terbangun mengalami perkembangan yang berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keberlanjutan sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan berbasis masyarakat dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberlanjutan sistem tersebut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kasus. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah multikasus olistik dengan dua desa penelitian yaitu Desa Piji dan Desa Gintungan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem penyediaan air minum pedesaan dengan pendekatan berbasis masyarakat mempunyai keberlanjutan yang berbeda-beda. Desa dengan keberlanjutan pada aspek sosial, keuangan, lingkungan dan kelembagaan mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang sangat baik sedangkan desa dengan keberlanjutan hanya pada salah satu aspek saja mempunyai tingkat keberlanjutan yang rendah. Hal ini terlihat pada sistem penyediaan air minum di Desa Piji yang mengalami keberlanjutan sebaliknya pada Desa Gintungan tidak terjadi keberlanjutan. Keberlanjutan SPAM Desa sangat dipengaruhi oleh modal sosial dan modal manusia yang dimiliki. Pada kedua desa penelitian, faktor modal sosial yang mempengaruhi berupa jaringan hubungan sosial yang kuat, kepercayaan, dan norma aturan, sedangkan faktor modal manusia yang berpengaruh berupa motivasi, komitmen, efektivitas tim kerja dan kepemimpinan.Abstract: Achieving the SDG's target of providing access to water for all communities requires effort and hard work from the government. Several water supply infrastructure development programs have been launched by the government to meet basic service needs for the community, especially in rural areas. However, in the development phase of construction, the SPAM Desa was developed experiencing different developments. This study aims to determine the sustainability of the community-based rural water supply system and the factors that influence the sustainability of the system. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. The research design used was an olistic multicase with two research villages namely Piji Village and Gintungan Village. The results showed that the rural water supply system with a community-based approach has a different sustainability. Villages with sustainability in social, financial, environmental and institutional aspects have a very good level of sustainability while villages with sustainability in only one aspect have a low level of sustainability. This can be seen in the water supply system in Piji Village which experiences sustainability whereas in Gintungan Village there is no sustainability. Sustainability of SPAM Desa is strongly influenced by social capital and human capital they have. In the two research villages, social capital influencing factors are in the form of a strong social relations network, trust and rule norms, while influential human capital factors are motivation, commitment, work team effectiveness and leadership.

scholarly journals Types and Sources of Drinking Water: A Case Study of Lungleng Village, Mizoram

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
Bobby Beingachhi ◽  
David Zothansanga
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Water Harvesting ◽  
Rural People ◽  
Rain Water Harvesting ◽  
Piped Water ◽  
The Government ◽  
Domestic Purpose

Water supply is one of the most important problem faced by the rural people in Mizoram. Lungleng village is also no exception in this regard. Everyday water is needed for drinking, cooking and other domestic purpose is used to collect from the nearby streams and other water sources. Sources of water supply in Lungleng village can be broadly classified into three types, namely; public-piped water points, village spring sources and rain water harvesting. Among the water sources as mentioned above; public-piped water points and village spring sources constitute major sources of water supply in rural areas. Inspite of several efforts done by the Government for providing adequate water supply like construction of impounding reservoir and pumping of water from nearby streams and rivers till today Lunleng village faces acute and perpetual water supply. Especially during summer months when the water sources become dry men and women would queue for several hours to collect a few buckets water. The present paper is an attempt to study the details of water sources and associate problems in Lungleng village.

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