scholarly journals Latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with pit latrine lifetime in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johnson B. Mubatsi ◽  
Solomon Tsebeni Wafula ◽  
Samuel Etajak ◽  
Tonny Ssekamatte ◽  
John Bosco Isunju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Poisson Regression ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Sociodemographic Characteristics ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Pit Latrine ◽  
Lifetime Extension

Abstract This study assessed latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with an extended pit latrine lifetime in an informal settlement in Kampala, Uganda. Data were obtained from 306 respondents on sociodemographic characteristics, their private pit latrine characteristics and latrine lifetime. A modified Poisson regression was used to model the latrine characteristics and maintenance practices associated with the pit latrine lifetime. All analyses were performed using Stata 14 software. Approximately 23.5% of the pit latrines had a lifetime of less than 2 years, and most latrines were reportedly desludged (64.7%) or regularly cleaned for maintenance (27.1%) as a way of extending lifetime. Pit latrine lifetime extension was higher in male-headed households (prevalence ratio (PR) 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.00–1.25), households with a smaller number of users (unshared vs shared latrines) (PR 1.15, 95% CI 1.02–1.29) and where desludging of pits was regularly done (PR 1.53, 95% CI 1.17–1.99), while post-primary education level was negatively associated with extended latrine lifetime (PR 0.88, 95% CI 0.77–0.99). Deliberate efforts, including sensitizing communities on desludging and provision of non-shared household sanitary facilities, are needed to improve latrine maintenance and consequently extend latrine lifetime.

scholarly journals The role of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy on maternal postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 205031212198949
Author(s):  
Wondimye Ashenafi ◽  
Bezatu Mengistie ◽  
Gudina Egata ◽  
Yemane Berhane
Keyword(s):  
Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Partner Violence ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Intimate Partner ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
Physical Intimate Partner Violence ◽  
Violence During Pregnancy ◽  
Maternal Postpartum Depression

Background: Intimate partner violence during pregnancy is a strong predictor of maternal postpartum depression. In Ethiopia, evidence on the association of intimate partner violence during pregnancy with postpartum depression is very limited. To design appropriate intervention, it is thus important to understand how postpartum depression varies as a function of the type and severity of intimate partner violence victimization during pregnancy. The aim of this study is to explore the association of different types of intimate partner violence during pregnancy and its severity with postpartum depression in Eastern Ethiopia. Method: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from January to October 2018. The study included a sample of 3015 postpartum women residing in Eastern Ethiopia. The cutoff point for postpartum depression was defined as ⩾13 points according to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. The prevalence ratio with 95% confidence intervals was calculated, and the association between the main predictor (i.e. intimate partner violence during pregnancy) and the outcome variable (postpartum depression) was determined using log binomial regression model. Results: 16.3% (95% confidence interval: 14.9–17.7) of women experienced postpartum depression. After controlling potential confounding factors, the prevalence of postpartum depression among women exposed to severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy was 1.98 times higher as compared to those not exposed to physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.98; 95% confidence interval: 1.53–2.54). Exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy was found to increase the prevalence of postpartum depression by 1.79 as compared to non-exposure to psychological intimate partner violence during pregnancy (adjusted prevalence ratio = 1.79; 95% confidence interval: 1.48–2.18). Conclusion: The study provides evidence that psychological and severe physical intimate partner violence during pregnancy were significantly associated with maternal postpartum depression. Screening of pregnant women for intimate partner violence and providing them the necessary support can minimize the risk to postpartum depression.

scholarly journals The Role of Human Capital Factors on Poverty in Informal Settlement: Informal Settlement of Sheikh-Hasan, Mashhad City, Iran

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 22
Author(s):  
Javad Barati ◽  
Sahar Soltani ◽  
Simin Froogh-Zadeh ◽  
Farzaneh Razaghian
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Urban Poverty ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Household Head ◽  
Informal Settlements ◽  
Poverty Line ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Poverty Level ◽  
Mashhad City ◽  
Household Members

This paper investigates the determinants of multi-dimension poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad City. It specially analyzes human capital factors, among factors that influence poverty level. Education, skills, experience and knowledge have important role in promoting income level and in access to sustainable jobs, especially in informal settlements that have lower human capital level than the urban areas other. Mashhad city has most marginal settlements in Iran. Sheikh-Hasan Neighborhood in Mashhad Municipality region 4 has been selected as case study. This study is based on information gathered from household level in 2016 and the ordered logit model is employed to estimate factors influencing urban poverty. Data were obtained from 300 households using the questionnaire Through the Systematic Random technique. Calculation of poverty indexes reveals that nearly 87% of households are below absolute poverty line and 20% of households are below extreme poverty line. Marginal effects show variables of “job stability”, “Ownership”, “Household size” and “Education of household head” have the greatest impact on poverty alleviation. Also, variables of “Education level” and “highest level of education of household members” have positive effect and significant on poverty. Results represent that poverty in informal settlements of Mashhad is strongly linked to factors such as human capital. In addition, with increasing the level of knowledge of household heads and creation of favorable conditions for increasing of the education level of household members can reduce poverty.

scholarly journals The nutrition transition in Mexico 1988–2016: the role of wealth in the social patterning of obesity by education

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 2394-2401 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolina Pérez-Ferrer ◽  
Anne McMunn ◽  
Paola Zaninotto ◽  
Eric J Brunner
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Household Wealth ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Obesity Prevalence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Social ◽  
Lower Education ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

AbstractObjectiveThe present study investigates whether the reversal of the social gradient in obesity, defined as a cross-over to higher obesity prevalence among groups with lower education level, has occurred among men and women in urban and rural areas of Mexico.DesignCross-sectional series of nationally representative surveys (1988, 1999, 2006, 2012 and 2016). The association between education and obesity was investigated over the period 1988–2016. Effect modification of the education–obesity association by household wealth was tested.SettingMexico.SubjectsWomen (n 54 816) and men (n 20 589) aged 20–49 years.ResultsIn both urban and rural areas, the association between education and obesity in women varied by level of household wealth in the earlier surveys (1988, 1999 and 2006; interaction P<0·001). In urban areas in 1988, one level lower education was associated (prevalence ratio; 95 % CI) with 45 % higher obesity prevalence among the richest women (1·45; 1·24, 1·69), whereas among the poorest the same education difference was protective (0·84; 0·72, 0·99). In the latest surveys (2012, 2016), higher education was protective across all wealth groups. Among men, education level was not associated with obesity in urban areas; there was a direct association in rural areas. Wealth did not modify the association between education and obesity.ConclusionThe reversal of the educational gradient in obesity among women occurred once a threshold level of household wealth was reached. Among men, there was no evidence of a reversal of the gradient. Policies must not lose sight of the populations most vulnerable to the obesogenic environment.

Prevalence of Radiographic Evidence of Paint Chip Ingestion Among Children with Moderate to Severe Lead Poisoning, St Louis, Missouri, 1989 Through 1990

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 740-742
Author(s):  
Michael D. McElvaine ◽  
Thomas D. Matté ◽  
Sue Binder ◽  
Estilita G. DeUngria ◽  
Charles G. Copley
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Lead Poisoning ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Blood Lead ◽  
Blood Lead Levels ◽  
Radiographic Evidence ◽  
Exposure Data ◽  
Treatment Clinic ◽  
Abdominal Radiographs ◽  
Lead Levels

Although experts once believed that ingesting chips of lead-based paint was the major cause of lead poisoning among children, conventional wisdom now holds that lead-contaminated dust and soil are the major routes of exposure. Data from a Childhood lead-poisoning treatment clinic were examined to assess the frequency with which children ingest paint chips. For this study, the reports on abdominal radiographs of 90 children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who had received their first chelation treatment during 1989 or 1990 were reviewed. According to a radiologist's evaluation, 13 of 90 abdominal radiographs (14%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 7% to 22%) showed evidence of paint chip ingestion. Of 46 children with blood lead levels ≥ 55 µg/dL, 12 (26%) had radiographs that showed paint chips, whereas only 1 (2%) of 44 children with blood lead levels &lt;55 µg/dL had such radiographs (prevalence ratio = 11.5; 95% CI 1.6 to 84.6). The actual proportion of children with moderate to severe lead poisoning who have consumed leaded-paint chips is likely to be higher than this estimate based on radiographic evidence. While lead-contaminated dust is a major source of lead exposure, ingestion of leaded-paint chips clearly remains an important source of exposure among children with moderate to severe lead poisoning.

Policy Coherence for Development

2014 ◽  
pp. 213-232
Author(s):  
Bruno Lule Yawe
Keyword(s):  
Education Policy ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
School System ◽  
Presidential Elections ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Education Sector ◽  
Universal Primary Education ◽  
Health In All Policies ◽  
Policy Coherence ◽  
Initial Decrease

The elimination of school fees at Uganda's primary education level was accelerated by the 1996 first direct presidential elections. Since the inception of the universal primary education in 1996 and its actual operationalization in 1997, universal primary education is synonymous with primary education. Because school fees were eliminated before infrastructural improvements in the school system had been undertaken, the access shock created by the elimination of fees resulted in a substantial initial decrease in resources available per pupil and a large increase in the pupil-teacher ratio. The purpose of this chapter is to identify the policy incoherencies as well as research or knowledge gaps relating to Uganda's primary education. Nevertheless, what happens in other sectors outside the education sector has strong implications for the realization of the universal primary education objectives. Uganda's universal primary education policy is being undermined by policies within the education sector and policies in other sectors. As such, there is need to mainstream universal primary education into all relevant sectoral policies using the Education-In-All-Policies Approach, which would be in the nature of the Health-In-All Policies Approach as well as the Gender-In-All-Policies Approach.

scholarly journals Oral corticosteroids during pregnancy and offspring risk of congenital heart defects: a nationwide cohort study

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 638-647
Author(s):  
Amalie Bøggild Schmidt ◽  
Marie Lund ◽  
Giulia Corn ◽  
Nina Øyen ◽  
Jan Wohlfahrt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Propensity Score ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Congenital Heart Defects ◽  
Congenital Heart ◽  
Oral Corticosteroid ◽  
Heart Defects ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Heart Defect ◽  
Causal Pathway ◽  
Oral Corticosteroids

Abstract Background Pre-pregnancy diabetes is a strong risk factor for congenital heart defects (CHDs), suggesting a role for glucose in the causal pathway. Oral corticosteroids may cause hyperglycemia and maternal use could affect embryonic heart development. The objective of this study was to determine the association between maternal intake of oral corticosteroids 0–8 weeks after conception and CHDs in offspring. Methods A register-based nationwide prevalence study including all live singleton births in Denmark, 1996–2016, was conducted. In total, 1 194 687 individuals and their mothers were identified and linked with information on offspring CHDs and the mothers’ use of oral corticosteroids in early pregnancy. Corticosteroid use was defined as a filled prescription for maternal use of oral corticosteroid 0–8 weeks after conception. CHDs were identified through International Classification of Diseases codes. The association was estimated by prevalence (odds) ratios using logistic regression and propensity score-matched analyses. Results Among 1 194 687 live births, 2032 had a mother who had used oral corticosteroids 0–8 weeks from conception. Of these offspring, 32 had a heart defect. Among the offspring of never-users of oral corticosteroids, 10 534 had a heart defect. The adjusted prevalence ratio was 1.29 (95% confidence interval, 0.90–1.84) comparing offspring prevalence of heart defects in oral corticosteroid users with that in oral corticosteroid never-users. Propensity score-matched analysis yielded similar results (prevalence ratio 1.38; 95% confidence interval, 0.95–2.02). Conclusions This study supports that there is no association between maternal use of oral corticosteroids in the first 8 weeks after conception and CHDs.

The occurrence and timing of delirium in acute care hospitalizations in the last year of life: A population-based retrospective cohort study

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (8) ◽  
pp. 1067-1077
Author(s):  
Colleen Webber ◽  
Christine L Watt ◽  
Shirley H Bush ◽  
Peter G Lawlor ◽  
Robert Talarico ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cohort Study ◽  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Acute Care ◽  
Retrospective Cohort Study ◽  
Retrospective Cohort ◽  
Prevalence Ratio ◽  
Acute Care Hospitals ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Factors Associated

Background: Delirium is a distressing neurocognitive disorder that is common among terminally ill individuals, although few studies have described its occurrence in the acute care setting among this population. Aim: To describe the prevalence of delirium in patients admitted to acute care hospitals in Ontario, Canada, in their last year of life and identify factors associated with delirium. Design: Population-based retrospective cohort study using linked health administrative data. Delirium was identified through diagnosis codes on hospitalization records. Setting/participants: Ontario decedents (1 January 2014 to 31 December 2016) admitted to an acute care hospital in their last year of life, excluding individuals age of <18 years or >105 years at admission, those not eligible for the provincial health insurance plan between their hospitalization and death dates, and non-Ontario residents. Results: Delirium was recorded as a diagnosis in 8.2% of hospitalizations. The frequency of delirium-related hospitalizations increased as death approached. Delirium prevalence was higher in patients with dementia (prevalence ratio: 1.43; 95% confidence interval: 1.36–1.50), frailty (prevalence ratio: 1.67; 95% confidence interval: 1.56–1.80), or organ failure–related cause of death (prevalence ratio: 1.23; 95% confidence interval: 1.16–1.31) and an opioid prescription (prevalence ratio: 1.17; 95% confidence interval: 1.12–1.21). Prevalence also varied by age, sex, chronic conditions, antipsychotic use, receipt of long-term care or home care, and hospitalization characteristics. Conclusion: This study described the occurrence and timing of delirium in acute care hospitals in the last year of life and identified factors associated with delirium. These findings can be used to support delirium prevention and early detection in the hospital setting.

scholarly journals Socio-demographic and economic factors are associated with nutritional status of adolescent school girls in Lay Guyint Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 205031211984467 ◽  
Author(s):  
Getachew Arage ◽  
Mekonnen Assefa ◽  
Teshager Worku
Keyword(s):  
Confidence Interval ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Adolescent Girls ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Northwest Ethiopia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Anthropometric Measurement ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
School Girls

Objective: This study was aimed at assessing socio-demographic and economic factors associated with nutritional status of adolescent school girls in Lay Guyint Woreda, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods: The school-based cross-sectional study comprising 362 adolescent girls aged 10–19 years was included in the study. Simple random sampling technique with proportional allocation to size was used to select the participants. An interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurement were used to collect the data. An anthropometric measurement was converted to the indices of nutritional status using World Health Organization Anthro Plus software. Result: The overall prevalence of stunting and thinness among adolescent girls were 16.3% and 29%, respectively. Adolescents aged 14–15 years (AOR = 3.65; 95% confidence interval: 1.87, 7.11), adolescents living in rural areas (AOR = 1.34; 95% confidence interval: 1.24, 2.33), and adolescents who did not have snack (AOR = 11.39; 95% confidence interval: 1.47, 17.8) were positively associated with stunting. Whereas mother’s occupation was negatively associated with stunting (AOR = 0.12; 95% confidence interval: 0.17, 0.87). Similarly, being a rural resident (AOR = 2.40; 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 5.08) and adolescents aged 14–15 years (AOR = 6.05; 95% confidence interval: 2.15, 17.04) were positively associated with thinness. Educational status of adolescent girls was negatively associated with thinness (AOR = 0.13; 95% confidence interval: 0.05, 0.35). Conclusion: Stunting and thinness are prevalent among adolescent girls. The age of adolescents, place of residence, having a snack, and mother’s occupation was significantly associated with stunting and thinness. Having at least a one-time snack in addition to the usual diet is strongly recommended.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document