scholarly journals Critical parameters in the production of ceramic pot filters for household water treatment in developing countries

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 587-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. A. Soppe ◽  
S. G. J. Heijman ◽  
I. Gensburger ◽  
A. Shantz ◽  
D. van Halem ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Rice Husk ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Critical Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Material Strength ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Pore Sizes

The need to improve the access to safe water is generally recognized for the benefit of public health in developing countries. This study's objective was to identify critical parameters which are essential for improving the performance of ceramic pot filters (CPFs) as a point-of-use water treatment system. Defining critical production parameters was also relevant to confirm that CPFs with high-flow rates may have the same disinfection capacity as pots with normal flow rates. A pilot unit was built in Cambodia to produce CPFs under controlled and constant conditions. Pots were manufactured from a mixture of clay, laterite and rice husk in a small-scale, gas-fired, temperature-controlled kiln and tested for flow rate, removal efficiency of bacteria and material strength. Flow rate can be increased by increasing pore sizes and by increasing porosity. Pore sizes were increased by using larger rice husk particles and porosity was increased with larger proportions of rice husk in the clay mixture. The main conclusions: larger pore size decreases the removal efficiency of bacteria; higher porosity does not affect the removal efficiency of bacteria, but does influence the strength of pots; flow rates of CPFs can be raised to 10–20 L/hour without a significant decrease in bacterial removal efficiency.

scholarly journals A comparison of different pilot constructed clarifiers with the purpose of achieving the optimum condition in turbidity removal at water treatment plants in Tehran

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 576-588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ahmad Mirbagheri ◽  
Sima Malekmohamadi ◽  
Sheida Sohrabi Nasrabadi
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Optimum Condition ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Ferric Chloride ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Turbidity Removal ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Water Treatment Plants

Clarifying is one of the most crucial stages in water treatment at water treatment plants. Determining the type of the clarifier in water treatment plants and using it efficiently is necessary. In this study, a pilot is designed and constructed in which the pulsator, the superpulsator and the accelerator are simulated. For each system, turbidity removal efficiency for different influent turbidities and flow rates were studied and the optimum condition was obtained. The results showed that the superpulsator has a superior performance compared to the pulsator, and the pulsator has a superior performance compared to the accelerator and these differences are more sensible at higher flow rates. Also, the best condition for achieving the highest efficiency for the pulsator and the superpulsator is determined to be at flow rate 3 lit/min for an initial turbidity of 2,500 NTU with alum as the coagulant and the highest efficiency for the accelerator is determined to be at flow rate 3 lit/min for an initial turbidity of 2,500 NTU with ferric chloride as the coagulant. Comparing the turbidity removal efficiency shows that for 67% of the cases, ferric chloride has a better performance as the coagulant compared to alum and increasing the influent turbidity leads to an increase in the removal efficiency. Furthermore, three water treatment plants located in Tehran were studied and their characteristics were compared and suggestions were made to enhance their qualities.

scholarly journals Speed and Pressure Controls of Pumps-as-Turbines Installed in Branch of Water-Distribution Network Subjected to Highly Variable Flow Rates

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4738 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacopo Carlo Alberizzi ◽  
Massimiliano Renzi ◽  
Maurizio Righetti ◽  
Giuseppe Roberto Pisaturo ◽  
Mosè Rossi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Pressure ◽  
Water Distribution Network ◽  
Distribution Networks ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Simulink Model ◽  
Operating Strategies

The use of Pumps-as-Turbines (PaTs) to replace hydraulic turbines as energy-recovery units in industrial and civil applications is widening the penetration of hydropower in small-scale plants. PaTs show advantages in terms of installation costs and the availability of solutions. Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) represent a potential application where PaTs can be installed to recover water-pressure energy. In this work, a MATLAB©–Simulink model of a WDN branch located in South-Tyrol (Italy) was developed. The flow rate of the WDN was assessed though a measurement campaign showing high daily variability, which negatively affect PaT performance. To let the machine operate close to the Best Efficiency Point (BEP), four different operating strategies were studied to meet the constraint of a fixed pressure equal to 4 bar downstream the WDN branch, required to supply water to users. A PaT speed control strategy was implemented, granting better exploitation of flow rates even in the presence of high daily fluctuations. Energy recovery was 23% higher than that of the reference thanks to an advanced strategy based on controlling PaT rotational speed when the flow rate is smaller than that of the design, and operating in off-design conditions when flow rate is higher than that of the BEP.

Scenario-Based Robustness Analysis of Optimized I.D.E.-Style Treadle Pump Designs

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher McComb ◽  
Nathan G. Johnson ◽  
Brandon T. Gorman
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Robustness Analysis ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pareto Optimal ◽  
Flow Rates

Poverty affects hundreds of millions of people globally. Market-based strategies can help alleviate poverty in developing countries by encouraging entrepreneurial activity and have the potential to be more effective than traditional approaches, such as development aid from countries or non-governmental organizations. Development organizations often target the agricultural sector because of the prevalence of subsistence and small-scale farming, particularly in rural regions of developing countries. Improving the reliability of irrigation techniques can help farmers expand out of primarily subsistence farming and begin to sell a portion of their crop, thus achieving the objectives of market-based poverty alleviation. Human-powered pumps are a popular tool used in irrigation because they require low capital cost and negligible operating cost. Previous work provided a model for finding Pareto-optimal IDE-style treadle pump designs. This work utilizes that model to produce a dense set of Pareto-optimal designs, and then investigates the robustness of the designs by simulating their performance in a variety of modified use scenarios. Our results show that pumps optimized for low flow rates (less than 3.0 L/s) are highly robust, particularly with respect to age-related changes in the operator’s stature or mobility. In addition, these pumps can operate with near-optimal efficiency across a variety of target flow rates and well depths. These pumps are ideal for single family use or for shared use amongst multiple families in a village. Pumps optimized for flow rates greater than 3.0 L/s are less robust with respect to changes of operator stature (experiencing decreases in flow rate of up to 60%) but may be suitable for use on farms or by service providers.

Simultaneous Absorption of SO2 and NO Using Sodium Chlorate/Urea Absorbent in a Rotating Packed Bed

2014 ◽  
Vol 908 ◽  
pp. 187-190
Author(s):  
Mei Jin ◽  
Guo Xian Yu ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Ping Lu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Sodium Chlorate ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Simultaneous Absorption ◽  
Rotating Packed Bed

In this work, simultaneous absorption of SO2and NO from N2-NO-SO2simulated flue gas using sodium chlorate as the additive and urea as the reductant was investigated experimentally in a rotating packed bed. In RPB, various rotational speeds, gas flow rates and liquid flow rates were studied by means of the removal efficiency of SO2and NO. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of SO2was higher than 99.00% under various experimental conditions and, at the same time, the removal efficiency of NO exhibited different results under various experimental conditions. The simultaneous NO removal efficiency of 82.45% and the SO2removal efficiency of 99.49% could be obtained under the N2flow rate of 0.5 m3/h, SO2flow rate of 6 mL/min, the NO flow rate of 4 mL/min, the rotational speed of 460 rpm and the absorbent flow rate of 40 L/h.

Performance of Sodium Chlorite/Urea on Simultaneous Desulfurization and Denitrification in a Rotating Packed Bed

2014 ◽  
Vol 908 ◽  
pp. 183-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Guan Wu ◽  
Mei Jin ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Guo Xian Yu ◽  
Ping Lu
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Flue Gas ◽  
Packed Bed ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Rotating Packed Bed ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Simultaneous Desulfurization And Denitrification

Performance of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification from N2-NO-SO2simulated flue gas using sodium chlorite as the additive and urea as the reductant in a rotating packed bed was investigated. In RPB, various rotational speeds, the flow rates of SO2, the flow rates of NO and the liquid flow rates were studied by means of the calculation of the removal efficiencies of SO2and NO. The experimental results showed that the removal efficiency of SO2was higher than 99.00% under various experimental conditions, while the removal efficiency of NO exhibited different results. A better simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification behavior could be obtained under the conditions of a SO2-NO-N2simulated flue gas with the ratio of SO2/NO/ N2=6:4:8.33(v), a rotational speed of 460 rpm and an absorbent flow rate of 120 L/h.

The effect of surges on the performance of rapid gravity filtration

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme D. E. Glasgow ◽  
Andrew D. Wheatley
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Continuous Flow ◽  
Detrimental Effect ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Head Loss ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Filter Performance

Filters used in drinking water treatment are subject to small continuous flow rate fluctuations or surges. Large changes in rate are known to have a detrimental effect on filtrate quality. Less is known about the effects of surging. Past observations suggest that surging may significantly influence filter performance but the effect has yet to be confirmed under controlled conditions and the mechanisms critically examined. Two rapid filters were developed in the laboratory to investigate the influence of surging on performance. Reproducible performance was established before applying surges to one filter only. Measurements of head loss and turbidity were taken with depth and time. Surges were found to reduce filter performance. The fluctuations in flow were found to slow the rate of ripening of the filter, retard the rate of head loss development and reduce the removal efficiency. The experimental results obtained suggest that surging does have a significant effect on rapid filter performance.

Pressure Drop of Liquid-Liquid Taylor Flow in Mini-Scale Tubing

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Adrugi ◽  
Y. S. Muzychka ◽  
K. Pope
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Theoretical Model ◽  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Constant Flow Rate ◽  
Taylor Flow ◽  
Low Viscosity ◽  
Wide Range

In this paper, the pressure drop of liquid-liquid segmented flow in small-scale tubing is investigated with experimental and analytical methods. A theoretical model is developed for describing the total pressure drop as a function of slug length and Capillary number. The experiments are conducted with low Reynolds number flows in horizontal, straight mini-scale tubes. A segmented (Taylor) flow is created using several low viscosity silicone oils (1, 3, 5 cSt) and water with a wide range of flow rates. The experimental setup allows the independent variation of liquid slug lengths. The liquids are injected into the mini-scale tubes at a variable (pulsed) flow rate for one liquid, and a constant flow rate for another liquid. The variation of liquid types and flow rates causes numerous combinations of Prandtl, Reynolds, and Capillary numbers to be tested. The theoretical and experimental data is presented in terms of the dimensionless groups fRe or ΔP* and Le* to predict pressure drop in liquid-liquid Taylor flow. The new experimental data agrees well with the new theoretical model of Taylor flow in miniscale tubes. The results of this paper indicate the pressure drop for Taylor flow is higher than in single-phase flow, likely due to the interfacial effects in liquid slugs.

scholarly journals Utilization of the dethridge wheel as a low head power generator and loss analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 204 ◽  
pp. 04003
Author(s):  
Dan Mugisidi ◽  
Oktarina Heriyani ◽  
Rizal Andi Luhung ◽  
Moh. Ramdani Dwi Andrian
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Flow Meter ◽  
Hydro Power ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Power Generator ◽  
Loss Analysis ◽  
Low Head ◽  
Water Wheel

Utilization of low head flow water has long been used to generate power by using water wheels and low head turbines. Dethridge wheel which is usually used as a tool to measure the flow of water has also been studied its potential to become hydro power generation. Therefore, this study aims to compare performance between overshot Dethridge wheel and undershot Dethridge wheel. For this purpose, a small scale channel for the operation of a water wheel is equipped with a digital flow meter, a pump that has a debit of up to 25 l/s, a pony brake for a torque meter, and an inverter to adjust the flow rate by changing the pump rotation. The research was conducted at Laboratory of Mechanical Engineering, UHAMKA in Jakarta, Indonesia. Flow rates vary from 5 to 11 l/s with head of 10 cm and 537 cm. The efficiency of undershot and overshot, at the peak, are 21% and 18%, respectively.

REVIEWS OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS ON WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taty Hernaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Industrial Waste Water ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process

Waste water treatment by industry usually uses chemicals that may lead to additional environmental pollution load. On the other hand, water demand increases and environmental regulations regarding waste water disposal requirements that apply more stringent. It is necessary for waste treatment technique that accommodate this requirement. Electrocoagulation process is a technique of wastewater treatment that has been chosen because the technique is environmentally friendly. This paper will review some of the research or application electrocoagulation process which is conducted on industrial waste water. Types of industrial waste water that is to be reviewed include: industries batik, sarongs, textiles, palm oil, slaughterhouses, food, leather tanning, laundry, pulp and paper. Overview reviewed in this research include the waste water treatment process in several processing variations such as: change in time, electricity and kind of electrodes. The results of the research with electrocoagulation process in the industry are the removal efficiency of TSS, COD, BOD5, Chrome, phosphate, surfactants, color turbidity influenced by several factors including time, strong current, voltage, distance and type of electrode and pH. The results of the study with electrocoagulation process in the industry is the removal efficiency of TSS, COD, BOD5, chromium, phosphate, surfactant, turbidity color that are influenced by several factors including time, strong current, voltage, distance and type of electrode and pH. It is hoped the information presented in this article can be a reference for similar research for the improvement of research on the process ektrokoagulasi.Key words: elektrocoagulation, removal eficiency, environmental friendly

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