scholarly journals Library-independent source tracking of fecal contamination in selected stations and tributaries of Laguna Lake, Philippines

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseth Jermaine M. Abello ◽  
Gicelle T. Malajacan ◽  
Kevin L. Labrador ◽  
Mae Ashley G. Nacario ◽  
Luiza H. Galarion ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Lake Ecology ◽  
Heat Stable ◽  
Industrial Complexes ◽  
Laguna Lake

Abstract Laguna Lake is the largest inland freshwater body in the Philippines. Although it is classified to be usable for agricultural and recreational purposes by the country's Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), studies looking at lake ecology revealed severe fecal contamination which contributes to the deterioration of water quality. Determining the sources of fecal contamination is necessary for lake protection and management. This study utilized a library-independent method of microbial source tracking (LIM-MST) to identify sources of fecal contamination in selected Laguna Lake stations and tributaries. Genetic markers of the host-associated Escherichia coli, heat-labile toxin (LTIIA) and heat-stable II (STII), were used to identify cattle and swine fecal contaminations, respectively. Meanwhile, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was used to identify human fecal contamination. Results identified the presence of agricultural and human fecal contamination in Laguna Lake Stations 1 and 5, Mangangate River, and Alabang River. The selected sites are known to be surrounded by residential and industrial complexes, and most of their discharges find their way into the lake. The identification of the specific sources of fecal contamination will guide management practices that aim to regulate the discharges in order to improve the water quality of Laguna Lake.

scholarly journals Microbial source tracking of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake, Philippines using the library-dependent method, rep-PCR

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurice Beatrice Raphaelle O. dela Peña ◽  
Kevin L. Labrador ◽  
Mae Ashley G. Nacario ◽  
Nicole R. Bolo ◽  
Windell L. Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Surface Waters ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Microbial Source Tracking ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Source Attribution ◽  
Monitoring Methods ◽  
K Nearest Neighbors ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Laguna Lake

Abstract Laguna Lake is an economically important resource in the Philippines, with reports of declining water quality due to fecal pollution. Currently, monitoring methods rely on counting fecal indicator bacteria, which does not supply information on potential sources of contamination. In this study, we predicted sources of Escherichia coli in lake stations and tributaries by establishing a fecal source library composed of rep-PCR DNA fingerprints of human, cattle, swine, poultry, and sewage samples (n = 1,408). We also evaluated three statistical methods for predicting fecal contamination sources in surface waters. Random forest (RF) outperformed k-nearest neighbors and discriminant analysis of principal components in terms of average rates of correct classification in two- (84.85%), three- (82.45%), and five-way (74.77%) categorical splits. Overall, RF exhibited the most balanced prediction, which is crucial for disproportionate libraries. Source tracking of environmental isolates (n = 332) revealed the dominance of sewage (47.59%) followed by human sources (29.22%), poultry (12.65%), swine (7.23%), and cattle (3.31%) using RF. This study demonstrates the promising utility of a library-dependent method in augmenting current monitoring systems for source attribution of fecal contamination in Laguna Lake. This is also the first known report of microbial source tracking using rep-PCR conducted in surface waters of the Laguna Lake watershed.

scholarly journals POPULATION PATTERN AND HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES IN RELATION TO BIO-PHYSICOCHEMICAL WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS IN THE NAGA RIVER

2021 ◽  
pp. 100-105
Author(s):  
Mariel R. Estrella
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Household Waste ◽  
Large Household ◽  
Population Pattern ◽  
Waste Management Practices ◽  
Ph Level

Rapid population growth and urbanization over the years has put pressure on natural resources threatening various fragile ecosystems. Naga river in the Philippines became a mute witness to the adverse effects of human activities on its waters. The present study took into account the waste management practices of households along the Naga river to elucidate its relation to the bio-physicochemical state of the river. The comparative analysis of water quality assessment data indicates that there is an observable deterioration of water quality due to its decreased level of Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and above normal pH level. This can be attributed to the continued practice of the households of throwing and discharging 34% and 78% of their solid and liquid wastes, respectively, directly into the river. However, there is a trend of improvement in the Naga river's water quality in terms of other parameters. The study also revealed that the size of built up areas and the household population along the Naga river is not necessarily proportional. Land use and the large household population along the Naga river was found to have higher adverse impacts on the water quality and current state of the Naga river. KEYWORDS: Naga River, water quality, waste management, community survey

Bacterial Source Tracking of Nonpoint Source Pollution Using GIS and DNA Fingerprinting Technologies

2011 ◽  
pp. 208-223
Author(s):  
M. E. Folkoff ◽  
E. A. Venso ◽  
D. W. Harris ◽  
M. F. Frana ◽  
M. S. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Dna Fingerprinting ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Nonpoint Source ◽  
Point Sources ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Great Promise ◽  
Bacterial Source Tracking

This study is only the second to use DNA fingerprinting technology in Maryland to identify fecal coliform sources in order to guide the implementation of water pollution control practices in a watershed with bacterial impairment. By combining the use of digital air photos and GPS with GIS, fieldwork is planned and conducted more efficiently because sample sites can be selected that accurately represent the physical environment of the study area. We can also return to the field and find our sample sites or locate new ones, even in the remotest part of the study area. It is also possible to more accurately map the data directly in the context of its physical environment, greatly increasing the quality of analysis. The integration of DNA fingerprinting techniques with GIS shows great promise for extending our capabilities to identify the controls on water quality and point sources of waterborne health hazards.

scholarly journals The rationale for introducing the indices «Generalized coliform bacteria» and «Escherichia coli» into the scheme of sanitary and microbiological control of water quality as indices of fecal contamination

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (12) ◽  
pp. 1353-1359
Author(s):  
Angelika V. Zagainova ◽  
Galina M. Trukhina ◽  
Yury A. Rakhmanin ◽  
Tamara Z. Artemova ◽  
Marina A. Sukhina
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Coliform Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Intestinal Infections ◽  
Safety Of Drinking Water ◽  
Microbiological Indicators

Introduction. The increasing bacterial contamination of water bodies requires an increase in water quality control’s reliability to ensure epidemic safety against waterborne infections. Therefore, researchers in both Russia and Europe came to the conclusion that it is necessary to search for indicator microorganisms that can more accurately suggest the presence of pathogens. microorganisms in water than traditional indicators. The aim of the study was to justify the introduction of indicator indices of fecal contamination “generalized coliform bacteria” and Escherichia coli to assess the safety of drinking water Material and methods. The article provides an analysis of domestic and international regulatory documents and literary materials regulating the quality of drinking water in terms of sanitary and microbiological indicators and assessment criteria. The results of many years of experimental and field research carried out by research organizations and practical organizations of the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare are presented. Results. On the territory of Russia, “general coliform bacteria,” is one of the indicator indices chosen according to the fermentation of lactose, determine the safety of drinking water. The water does not take into account pathogenic bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella) and a number of lactose-negative opportunistic bacteria, causative agents of intestinal infections. The study of microorganisms isolated from the feces of patients confirms the frequency of occurrence of lactose-negative microorganisms to varying from 20 to 100% of strains. With an annual trend towards a decrease in the percentage of non-standard drinking water samples in terms of microbiological indices, general intestinal infections (GII) of unknown etiology increase, i.e. risk of GII. If the quality of drinking water does not correspond to thermotolerant coliform bacteria (TCB), 95% of samples contain E. coli. Therefore, the determination of E. coli more reliably indicates the intake of fresh fecal contamination and provides efficiency in taking measures to eliminate an unfavorable situation than TCB. Conclusion. Reasons are given for the introduction of more reliable microbiological indicators of water safety control, such as - “generalized coliform bacteria” with the preservation of the abbreviation GCB, combining both lactose-positive and lactose-negative bacteria, determined by the sign of glucose fermentation, negative oxidase test and negative stain according to Gram and E. coli as an indicator of recent faecal contamination, which will allow the assessment of water quality for a wide range of bacteria of the order Enterobacterials, corresponding to the modern taxonomy of Enterobacteriaceae NCBI, will ensure harmonization with international requirements and the safety of drinking water for the population.

scholarly journals Water quality and management in the Australian pig industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 61 (7) ◽  
pp. 637
Author(s):  
Louise Edwards ◽  
Helen Crabb
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Production Systems ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Standard Quality ◽  
Pig Performance ◽  
The Impact

Context Water is the first nutrient and an essential component of all agricultural production systems. Despite its importance there has been limited research on water, and in particular, the impact of its availability, management and quality on production systems. Aims This research sought to describe the management and quality of water used within the Australian pig industry. Specifically, the water sources utilised, how water was managed and to evaluate water quality at both the source and the point of delivery to the pig. Methods Fifty-seven commercial piggeries across Australia participated in this study by completing a written survey on water management. In addition, survey participants undertook physical farm parameter measurements including collecting water samples. Each water sample was tested for standard quality parameters including pH, hardness, heavy metals and microbiological status. Key results Responses were received from 57 farms, estimated to represent at least 22% of ‘large’ pig herds. Bore water was the most common water source being utilised within the farms surveyed. Management practices and infrastructure delivering water from the source to the point of consumption were found to differ across the farms surveyed. Furthermore, water was regularly used as a delivery mechanism for soluble additives such as antibiotics. The quality of water at the source and point of consumption was found to be highly variable with many parameters, particularly pH, hardness, salinity, iron, manganese and microbiological levels, exceeding the acceptable standard. Conclusions In general, water quality did not appear to be routinely monitored or managed. As a result, farm managers had poor visibility of the potential negative impacts that inferior water quality or management may be having on pig production and in turn the economics of their business. Indeed, inferior water quality may impact the delivery of antibiotics and in turn undermine the industry’s antimicrobial stewardship efforts. Implications The study findings suggest that water quality represents a significant challenge to the Australian pig industry. Access to drinking water of an acceptable quality is essential for optimal pig performance, health and welfare but also to ensure farm to fork supply chain integrity, traceability and food safety.

scholarly journals Temporal and Spatial Water Quality Assessment for Rivers in Metropolitan Areas Using Multivariate Statistics and Water Quality Indices: A Case Study of the Geumho River, Korea

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chang Dae Jo ◽  
Jung Min Kim ◽  
Seong Min Kim ◽  
Heon Gak Kwon
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Multivariate Statistics ◽  
Water Quality Management ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Principal Factor ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Industrial Complexes

Abstract The Geumho River in South Korea passes through a metropolitan area with a high population density and multiple industrial complexes and, therefore, the water quality of this river is of significance for human health and economic activities. This study aims to assess the water quality of the Geumho River to inform river water quality management and improve pollution control using multivariate statistics and the Korean Water Quality Index (KWQI). Principal component and factor analysis identified those factors related to organic pollutants and metabolism (principal factor 1), and phosphorus and fecal coliform content (principal factor 2). In a cluster analysis, time was considered by distinguishing between seasons (spring, summer, autumn, and winter) and space was considered based on upstream (US), midstream (MS), and downstream (DS) river sections. Seven temporal variables and six spatial variables were extracted from the discriminant analysis (DA) results; the most important water quality variables were high during the spring and summer seasons and in the MS and DS regions. Temporally, the KWQI was highest in winter (70.9) and lowest in spring (59.2), whereas spatially, KWQI values were highest in the US (67.5) and lowest in the MS (56.4) sections. These results indicate that to be most effective, water management interventions in the Geumho River should focus on the urban midstream section and spring seasons.

Assessing P fertiliser use in vegetable production: agronomic and environmental implications

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (8) ◽  
pp. 674 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Y. Chan ◽  
T. Wells ◽  
D. Fahey ◽  
S. M. Eldridge ◽  
C. G. Dorahy
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Environmental Implications ◽  
Runoff Water ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Farming Practice

Vegetable production is often located in the peri-urban areas close to large cities. In Sydney, Australia, excessive levels of phosphorus (P) have been reported in the soils, and vegetable farms have long been regarded as a potential source of the P that enters Sydney’s waterways. We report vegetable production under varying soil P conditions and the consequent changes in soil P, as well as water quality of runoff and leachate after growing 5 crops in a field trial where inputs in the form of garden organic compost were compared to current farmers’ practice. No difference in vegetable yield was observed between 100 and 400 mg/kg of soil Colwell P (0–0.10 m); therefore, our results indicate that the excessive soil P levels in the vegetable farms around Sydney are not important for optimal vegetable production. Results from runoff and leachate studies clearly demonstrate that high concentrations of P in soils used for vegetable production under the current farming practice around Sydney have increased the potential to export P and to negatively affect water quality of receiving environments. The significant increases in soluble P concentrations found in the soil and runoff water from the current farming practice can be attributed to the use of poultry litter. In contrast, using compost in place of poultry litter resulted in significantly reduced soil P accumulation and P concentration in runoff and leachate. Training and education programs for farmers and their advisors are recommended to encourage more sustainable fertiliser management practices and reduce the accumulation of P in the environment.

Monitoring the impact of farm practices on water quality in the Otago and Southland deer focus farms

2006 ◽  
pp. 183-188
Author(s):  
R.W. Mcdowell ◽  
N. Mcgrouther ◽  
G. Morgan ◽  
M.S. Srinivasan ◽  
D.R. Stevens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Environmental Objectives ◽  
Covered Area ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Further Development ◽  
Soil And Water

Research on the soil and water quality of deer farms is minimal. However, the perception is that many deer operations may be detrimental to soil and water quality. To address this problem two deer focus farms (DFF, 1 each in Otago and Southland) were established to showcase how productivity and environmental objectives can coincide. Managements implemented by the farmers included a sedimentation pond, fencing off waterways and retiring land under a QEII covenant. A detailed soil and water quality testing regime occurred for each farm: data were collected at the Southland DFF for three tributaries (one fenced off, one partially fenced and one unfenced) which fed into a stream and through a tussock covered area retired from grazing. Water quality in the unfenced and partially fenced tributaries was poor with no water quality parameters meeting ANZECC guidelines, whereas water quality in the fenced-off and planted tributary was better. Water exiting the retired area met ANZECC guidelines. Although water quality on parts of both deer farms did not meet ANZECC guidelines, when management practices such as fencing off and the creation of a pond were used water quality improved. More importantly, an area retired from grazing and further development on the Southland DFF showed that water quality could be significantly improved and could be better than that entering the farm. Keywords: fencing-off, QEII covenant, sedimentation pond, water quality

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