scholarly journals Performance of inclined plates settler integrated with constructed wetland for high turbidity water treatment

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-529
Author(s):  
Atwebembela J. Kasenene ◽  
Revocatus L. Machunda ◽  
Karoli N. Njau
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Phosphate Removal ◽  
Earth Dam ◽  
Cost Effective Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Inclined Plates

Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate and demonstrate cost-effective treatment technologies for highly turbid waters, used for domestic purposes in rural areas of Tanzania where conventional community water treatment techniques are not available. Pilot-scale inclined plates settler integrated with constructed wetland (IPS-CW) system was investigated on earth dam water with turbidities ranging from 186 to 4,011 NTU. The IPS was used as a physical pretreatment system preceding the CW, meant for the removal of organic matter, nutrients, and pathogens. Major focus of the IPS-CW system was on turbidity and faecal coliform (FC) removal, and at 5 L/min flow rate mean maximum removal efficiencies of 95.9% and 94.3% were achieved, respectively. Total suspended solids, nitrate (NO3−), ammonium, biological oxygen demand (BOD5) and phosphate removal were studied and removal efficiencies of 97.4%, 91.7%, 71.3%, 91.7% and 49.8% were obtained at 5 L/min flow rate, respectively. Although the use of these combinations of technologies in improving drinking water quality is uncommon, results demonstrated that NO3− and BOD5 met WHO and TBS drinking water standards of ≤50 mg/l and ≤6 mg/L respectively. Due to low production cost and simplicity in operation, the system is relevant for application in rural communities.

On-site treatment of domestic wastewater using a small-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 603-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. D. Gikas ◽  
V. A. Tsihrintzis
Keyword(s):  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Subsurface Flow ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Statistical Testing ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland ◽  
Removal Efficiencies ◽  
Horizontal Subsurface Flow

A small-scale horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland, located in North Greece, was designed and constructed to treat wastewater from a single-family residence. A three-year monitoring program was undertaken to evaluate the performance of this system. The monitoring campaigns were organized every 7 days. Water quality samples were collected at the inlet, at intermediate points (i.e. at the end of each treatment stage) and at the outlet of the system. Temperature, electrical conductivity, pH and DO were measured in-situ with the use of appropriate instruments at the same points of water sample collection. Water samples were analyzed for BOD, COD, TKN, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, total phosphorus (TP), ortho-phosphate (OP), total suspended solids (TSS) and total coliforms (TC). Mean removal efficiencies for the monitoring period were: 86.5% for BOD, 84.6% for COD, 83.7% for TKN, 82.2% for ammonia, 63.1% for OP, 63.3% for TP, 79.3% for TSS and 99.9% for TC. Furthermore, based on statistical testing, TKN, ammonia and TP removal efficiencies showed dependence on temperature. The paper presents facility description, study details and monitoring results. The study shows that the use of constructed wetlands in wastewater treatment is a good option for single-family residences in rural areas.

scholarly journals Potential of ceramic and biosand water filters as low-cost point-of-use water treatment options for household use in Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ebele Erhuanga ◽  
Maingaila Moono Banda ◽  
Doutimiye Kiakubu ◽  
Isah Bolaji Kashim ◽  
Bioye Ogunjobi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Filter Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Solutions ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Water Filters

Abstract Many households in Nigeria lack access to safe drinking water. Sixty-three percent (63%) of the nation's population live in rural areas where only 3% of households have access to safely managed drinking water. This suggests an urgent need for intervention to offer sustainable solutions to drinking water needs at household levels. An operational research was commissioned by the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) Nigeria to generate evidence to inform and guide Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) programming on household water quality. This involved an assessment of local manufacturing of household water filters; factors influencing social acceptability and market opportunities for clay and biosand water filters in Nigeria. Implementation of the research recommendations by the filter factories resulted in improved bacterial removal efficiency (>97%) in filters. Factors such as filter design and efficiency were shown to influence acceptability of filters, which influenced the price at which users were willing to pay for the filters in the study areas. The market research indicated low popularity of the filters due to lack of promotion and marketing of the water filters. The research outcomes show great potential for sustainability and marketability of clay and biosand water filters for household water treatment in Nigeria.

scholarly journals Occurrence of 25 pharmaceuticals in Taihu Lake and their removal from two urban drinking water treatment plants and a constructed wetland

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (17) ◽  
pp. 14889-14902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xia-Lin Hu ◽  
Yi-Fan Bao ◽  
Jun-Jian Hu ◽  
You-Yu Liu ◽  
Da-Qiang Yin
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetland ◽  
Taihu Lake ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Water Treatment Plants ◽  
Detection Frequency ◽  
High Detection

Abstract Pharmaceuticals in drinking water sources have raised significant concerns due to their persistent input and potential human health risks. The seasonal occurrence of 25 pharmaceuticals including 23 antibiotics, paracetamol (PAR), and carbamazepine (CMZ) in Taihu Lake was investigated; meanwhile, the distribution and removal of these pharmaceuticals in two drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) and a constructed wetland were evaluated. A high detection frequency (>70%) in the Taihu Lake was observed for nearly all the 25 pharmaceutics. Chlortetracycline (234.7 ng L−1), chloramphenicol (27.1 ng L−1), erythromycin (72.6 ng L−1), PAR (71.7 ng L−1), and CMZP (23.6 ng L−1) are compounds with both a high detection frequency (100%) and the highest concentrations, suggesting their wide use in the Taihu Basin. Higher concentrations of chloramphenicols, macrolides, PAR, and CMZP were observed in dry season than in wet season, probably due to the low flow conditions of the lake in winter and the properties of pharmaceuticals. The overall contamination levels of antibiotic pharmaceutics (0.2–74.9 ng L−1) in the Taihu Lake were lower than or comparable to those reported worldwide. However, for nonantibiotic pharmaceutics, PAR (45.0 ng L−1) and CMZP (14.5 ng L−1), significantly higher concentrations were observed in the Taihu Lake than at a global scale. High detection frequencies of 25 pharmaceuticals were observed in both the two DWTPs (100%) and the wetland (>60%) except for florfenicol and sulfapyridine. The removal efficacies of the studied pharmaceuticals in DWTP B with advanced treatment processes including ozonation and granular activated carbon filtration (16.7–100%) were superior to DWTP A with conventional treatment processes (2.9–100%), except for sulfonamides. Wetland C with the constructed root channel technology was efficient (24.2–100%) for removing most pharmaceuticals. This work suggests that the application of cost-effective technologies such as constructed wetlands should be considered as an efficient alternative for removing pharmaceuticals from water supply sources.

scholarly journals Drinking water and rural schools in the Western Amazon: an environmental intervention study

PeerJ ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. e4993 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maura Regina Ribeiro ◽  
Luiz Carlos de Abreu ◽  
Gabriel Zorello Laporta
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Environmental Sustainability ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Social Inclusion ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Intervention ◽  
Calcium Hypochlorite

Background Although water and sanitation are considered human rights, worldwide approximately three of 10 people (2.1 billion) do not have access to safe drinking water. In 2016, 5.6 million students were enrolled in the 34% of Brazilian schools located in rural areas, but only 72% had a public water supply network. The objective was to evaluate effectiveness of environmental intervention for water treatment in rural schools of the Western Amazonia, and determine the efficacy of water treatment using a simplified chlorinator on potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli. Methods A simplified chlorinator was installed for treatment of potable water in 20 public schools in the rural area of Rio Branco municipality, Acre state, Brazil. Results Before the intervention, 20% (n = 4), 100% (n = 20) and 70% (n = 14) of schools had water that failed to meet potability standards for turbidity, fecal coliforms and E. coli, respectively. However, after intervention, 70% (p = 0.68), 75% (p < 0.001) and 100% (p < 0.001) of schools complied with potability standards. Discussion This intervention considerably improved schools’ water quality, thus decreasing children’s health vulnerability due to inadequate water. Ancillary activities including training, educational lectures, installation of equipment, supply of materials and supplies (65% calcium hypochlorite and reagents) were considered fundamental to achieving success full outcomes. Installation of a simplified chlorinator in rural schools of the Western Amazon is therefore proposed as a social technology aiming at social inclusion, as well as economic and environmental sustainability.

scholarly journals Optimisation of degreemont water treatment package on Kedung Halang water treatment plant, Bogor, West Java

2021 ◽  
Vol 894 (1) ◽  
pp. 012018
Author(s):  
H Gabrielle ◽  
R A Kusumadewi ◽  
Ratnaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Drinking Water Treatment ◽  
Maximum Flow ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Evaluation Result ◽  
Optimum Flow Rate ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

Abstract To provide drinking water in Bogor Regency, PDAM Tirta Kahuripan has several Water Treatment Plants (WTP) Kedung Halang WTP. Kedung Halang WTP consists of two water treatment packages, Indisi and Degreemont, with an average production of 37.3 L/s and 83.9 L/s, respectively. The purposes of this research are to evaluate the performance of the operating unit and process on the Degreemont Package and to provide optimisation recommendations based on the evaluation result. Steps in this research include evaluating the existing condition, providing recommendations, and analysing the quality of water produced. The evaluation found that one of the parameters did not fulfil the design criteria: the G.Td value on coagulation. The evaluation result of maximum flow rate is 125 L/s on intake, 150 L/s on coagulation, 130 L/s on flocculation and sedimentation, and 200 L/s on filtration. Thus, the optimum flow rate that can be operated is 125 L/s. The turbidity of the water produced has met the drinking water standard according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 492 of 2010, with removal efficiency above 95%. According to the result, it can be said that Degreemont Package is qualified to be applied as a drinking water treatment.

scholarly journals INTENSIFICATION OF IRON REMOVING OF LOW ALKALINE GROUNDWATER

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-64
Author(s):  
Serhii Martynov ◽  
Alla Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Social Program ◽  
Iron Removal ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Individual Treatment ◽  
Rural Settlements

The problem of providing humanity with quality drinking water is exacerbated in the modern world. According to international organizations, a half of the world's population by 2025 will live in areas with significant water shortages. The sufficient standard of living and environmental safety is one of the citizens’ rights defined by the main law of Ukraine, which provides for the provision of quality drinking water in the required amounts and in accordance with established standards for the quality of drinking water. The Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine has approved the concept of the state target social program "Drinking Water of Ukraine" for 2022-2026 for this purpose. The unsatisfactory state of water quality in Ukraine is associated with moral and physical depreciation of main resources, underfunding of water supply and sewerage industry. The situation is complicated by the lack of qualified personnel in rural areas. A large part of the inhabitants’ rural settlements use groundwater aquifers for their drinking purposes, which often contain excessive concentrations of total iron. The water treatment facilities were built according to standard designs using non-reagent methods for water iron removal in small settlements. The practice of individual treatment plants operation has shown their low efficiency, due to the unreasonable use of such methods. The improvement of existing water treatment schemes should be carried out taking into account the peculiarities of the physicochemical composition of water and the use of existing water treatment equipment. The purpose of the work is to improve the technological scheme of water iron removal and improve the quality of the filtrate. It is established that the reason for the unsatisfactory operation of treatment plants is due to the low alkalinity of groundwater. The rational types of alkalizing reagents and their calculated doses are substantiated by the results of experimental studies, the dependences of changes in the hydrogen index on the type and dose of reagents, residual alkalinity of water, the efficiency of water iron removal.

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