scholarly journals Direct potable reuse: a future imperative

2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 2-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold L. Leverenz ◽  
George Tchobanoglous ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Future Expectations ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

As a result of population growth, urbanization, and climate change, public water supplies are becoming stressed, and the chances of tapping new water supplies for metropolitan areas are getting more difficult, if not impossible. As a consequence, existing water supplies must go further. One way to achieve this objective is by increased water reuse, particularly in supplementing municipal water supplies. Although water reuse offers many opportunities it also involves a number of problems. A significant cost for nonpotable water reuse in urban areas is associated with the need to provide separate piping and storage systems for reclaimed water. In most situations, the cost of a dual distribution system has been prohibitive and thus, has limited implementation for water reuse programs. The solution to the problem of distribution is to implement direct potable reuse (DPR) of purified water in the existing water distribution system. The purpose of this paper is to consider (a) a future in which DPR will be the norm and (b) the steps that will need to be taken to make this a reality. Following an overview, the rationale for DPR, some examples of DPR projects, technological and implementation issues, and future expectations are examined.

Energy Footprint of Urban Services Within Building Infrastructure

2016 ◽  
Vol 139 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Balázs M. Fekete ◽  
Gehan Kalene ◽  
Anthony D. Cak
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Energy Costs ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Primary Obstacle ◽  
The Cost

Energy addiction is regarded as the primary obstacle to humanity's sustainable future. The need to change lifestyles in consumer societies to become more sustainable is advocated without a clear understanding of what elements of modern life must undergo major transformations. One of the most overlooked aspects of this question is the role of buildings that serve as homes and workspaces. The energy use for maintaining such infrastructure, especially in urban areas, and operating key services like heating or cooling, lighting, delivering water, and collecting wastewater will inevitably grow as global population becomes increasing more affluent. This paper investigates the energy costs of several aspects of these key services in urban areas, specifically delivering and heating water and heating residential spaces in the five boroughs of New York City. It provides detailed geospatial calculations as an example of assessing energy costs based on physical principles (e.g., accounting for the effects of topography and building floor elevation to deliver water and heat, and energy losses in the water distribution system). The paper also serves as a demonstration of much-needed research to price out the cost of modern life in energy terms in order to identify major inefficiencies in our current urban infrastructure, as well as the potential for efficiency improvements. While these calculations do not directly incorporate observed data, the principles demonstrated here highlight the use of quantitative geospatial analyses (based on fundamental physics) in order to look at urban infrastructures, particularly for planning and designing new cities or rebuild existing ones.

Detection and identification of mycobacteria in the Lisbon water distribution system

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (8) ◽  
pp. 177-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Santos ◽  
F. Oliveira ◽  
J. Fernandes ◽  
S. Gonçalves ◽  
F. Macieira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Opportunistic Infections ◽  
High Rate ◽  
System A ◽  
Detection And Identification

Mycobacteria have emerged as a major cause of opportunistic infections. Until the present, only a few studies have characterized mycobacteria present in the water distribution system of urban areas. In this study, we characterize these microorganisms in the Lisbon water distribution system. Our results indicate a high rate of positivities (90.5%) with mainly saprophytic mycobacteria. Around 63% of these results belong to strains of Mycobacterium gordonae indicating a generalized proliferation of this species in the Lisbon water distribution system. A total of 21.05% of the isolates are from M. kansasii, M. intracellulare and M. chelonae.

Wastewater Reclamation and Water Resources Management

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater reclamation and reuse are becoming important components of the management of urban, regional and national water resources. Recently, not only countries with chronic water shortage, but also urban areas in temperate climates have considered and implemented wastewater reuse schemes expanding the scope of consumptive uses to include toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, using dual distribution systems and even the reuse as potable waters is being considered and evaluated. Israel is an example of intensive reuse in agricultural irrigation and much experience has been gained in treatment, seasonal reservoirs and establishing quality requirements. The economical justification of wastewater reuse schemes should take into account the overall treatment costs, the ‘environmental and health allowances', i.e. the cost of treatment required even when reuse is not practiced, the benefits of water and the savings in conveyance and pumping. The paper also briefly describes the two largest wastewater reclamation projects in Israel, namely: the Kishon Complex Scheme and the Dan Region Scheme, both aimed at unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops.

scholarly journals Estimating High Resolution Temporal Scale of Water Demand Time Series – Disaggregation Approach (Case Study)

10.29007/4vfl ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peyman Yousefi ◽  
Gholamreza Naser ◽  
Hadi Mohammadi
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
High Resolution ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Demand Forecasting ◽  
Temporal Scale ◽  
A New Technique ◽  
Cascade Method

A comprehensive understanding of water demand and its availability is essential for decision-makers to manage their resources and understand related risks effectively. Historical data play a crucial role in developing an integrated plan for management of water distribution system. The key is to provide high-resolution temporal-scale of demand data in urban areas. In the literature, many studies on water demand forecasting are available; most of them were focused on monthly-scales. Since monitoring of time series is a prolonged and costly procedure, the popularity of disaggregation methods is a most recent desirable trend. The objective of this research is to transfer low-resolution into high-resolution temporal scale using random cascade disaggregation and non-linear deterministic methods. This study defines a new technique to apply previously proposed random cascade method to disaggregate continuous data of the city of Peachland. The accuracy of the results is more than 90%. It represents a satisfactory application of the models. The proposed approach helps operators to have access to daily demand without acquiring high-resolution temporal scale values. Although the disaggregated values may not be precisely equal with observed values, it offers a practical solution for the low equipped WDS and leads to lesser number of drinking water-related problems.

scholarly journals Toilet power: potable water reuse and the situated meaning of sustainability in the southwestern United States

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 633
Author(s):  
Kerri Jean Ormerod
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Q Methodology ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Urban Metabolism ◽  
Urban Wastewater ◽  
Southwestern United States ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Contextual Understanding ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

<p>Proposals to recycle urban wastewater for potable purposes are at the forefront of water development. In this article I combine political ecology's attention to networked relations with Q methodology to identify the shared positions of select stakeholders in the southwestern United States, an urbanizing region increasingly reliant on potable water reuse. I employ critical Q methodology to provide a contextual understanding of how water and sanitation technology shapes subjects and environments. The analyses reveal two distinct sanitary subjectivities, which I label neosanitarian and ecosanitarian, whose views most sharply diverge regarding the appropriateness of direct potable reuse and composting toilets. The findings highlight the situated meaning of sustainability and also underscore the role that wastewater and water reuse play in shaping ecologies, which in turn, helps to identify the environments of elimination that make specific innovations in the water sector possible. In conclusion, I suggest that in the broader context of potable water reuse, the toilet is in a perniciously powerful position to make city-spaces and shape the future citizenry.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: infrastructure, urban metabolism, Q methodology, water recycling, composting toilet</p>

Decentralised urban water reuse: The implications of system scale for cost and pathogen risk

2002 ◽  
Vol 46 (6-7) ◽  
pp. 281-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.A. Fane ◽  
N.J. Ashbolt ◽  
S.B. White
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Economies Of Scale ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Effluent Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Systems

The non-potable reuse of treated sewage in urban areas provides significant conservation of potable supplies beyond that available through water use efficiency. Effluent reuse is also an inevitable requirement in novel decentralised wastewater systems. At present, urban water reuse, where pursued, usually involves large-scale schemes based on new or existing centralised sewage treatment plants. This is despite the diseconomy of scale inherent in pipe networks that balances economies of scale in sewage treatment and negates any cost advantage for wastewater systems with more than around 1,000 connections. In light of this, the theoretical relationship between effluent reuse system scale and pathogen risks was examined at various effluent qualities. Waterborne disease was seen to be a significant factor when reusing effluent in urban areas and smaller systems were found to pose a lower risk of waterborne infection, all other things being equal. Pathogen risks were then included within an economic analysis of system scale. It was concluded that with the inclusion of pathogen risks as a costed externality, taking a decentralised approach to urban water reuse would be economically advantageous in most cases. This conclusion holds despite an exact evaluation of increased waterborne disease due to effluent reuse remaining problematic.

Rouse Hill – Australia's first full scale domestic non-potable reuse application

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 71-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian B. Law
Keyword(s):  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Water Distribution System ◽  
Sewage Treatment ◽  
Sewage Treatment Plant ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
North West ◽  
Potable Reuse

There has been increasing interest in reuse of effluent from sewage treatment plants in Australia in recent years, not only for agricultural or land irrigation purposes but also for the provision of dual water supplies to residential areas for the non-potable purposes of toilet flushing, car washing, garden watering and park or other open space irrigation. The Rouse Hill development in the north west of Sydney is Australia's first full scale application of domestic non-potable reuse, with the sewage treatment plant and the dual water distribution system being commissioned in late 1994. This paper describes the Rouse Hill project as a whole including the reasoning behind the installation of the dual water supply system, the design of the sewage treatment plant, the effluent qualities achieved, the design of the dual water distribution system and the requirements of the regulatory authority, the NSW Environmental Protection Authority.

scholarly journals Design and Development of Water Flow Network using IoT

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 81-84
Keyword(s):  
Water Flow ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Threshold Level ◽  
Critical Problem ◽  
Equal Distribution ◽  
Flow Network ◽  
The Past

During the past decades water needs have risen exponentially to an unprecedent- ed scale in India. Due to increase in population, water consumption and water distribution has become critical problem. To triumph over problems related to water supply and for equal distribution of water there is a need for efficient automated device. This paper pro- poses the conceptual design of automated water flow network and distribution system using IoT for highly populated urban areas such as apartments. The system is fully automated with closed loop structure. The heart of proposed design has a microcontroller which ex- tracts and processes the data from electronic flow rate sensors and monitors the flow of wa- ter to each user based on predetermined threshold level. Hence the water is equally distrib- uted among the user according to their needs. IoT provides the information services required for water flow networks

scholarly journals Innovated water-reuse through redistribution schema, benefits and challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Kostandin Kristo
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
The Cost

The drought regarding a climate forecast Albanian departments have marked the past three months were the result of winter rainfall that was insufficient for replenishing water tables this year and before . We often say that water shortages are not a threat for our country due to plenty water sources . It's possible to think this when we compare our situation to that in other countries. Still , in some regions the availability of water resources is becoming an urgent problem, even more so if we link this to the different scenarios tied to climate change. Each basin has specificities, but some general evolutions should be planned for ,increase in water demand due to the rise in temperatures , causing an increase in the price of water and usage conflicts , change in the amount of the available water resources , changes in the flow of waterways and the aquifer recharge ,decrease in water quality ( meaning a concentration of pollutants and a weakening in self-purification capacities) rise in nitrates in waterways and in aquifers may occur, as well as increased salinity levels ,increase in the vulnerability of certain ecosystems due to the rise in the risk of erosion, flooding and salting. This paper aims to introduce the benefits and challenges of applying at homes or communal buildings of an Eco-innovation , through developing a new inside distribution of wastewater so that it concludes into sustainable development of inside communal water distribution , therefore recycling inside the house . The main objective of the study is to make evident the cost- efficiency importance of these re-distribution systems , and how they affect improvement in water needs sector , highlighting the deficiencies that cause their not fully-efficient re-use of grey inside water and the positive impact on the potable water saving .

Water Quality for Potable Reuse

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2171-2180 ◽  
Author(s):  
William C. Lauer
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Potable Reuse ◽  
Extensive Analysis ◽  
Animal Feeding ◽  
Direct Potable Reuse

Denver's Potable Water Reuse Demonstration Project is designed to examine the feasibility of converting secondary treated wastewater to potable water quality. A 1.0 mgd (44L/s) treatment plant began operation in 1985 and during the first three years many processes were evaluated. Data from the evaluation period was used to select the optimum treatment sequence which is now being used to produce samples for the two-year animal feeding health effects study now underway. Operation in this configuration will continue until early 1991 during which time comprehensive analytical studies will further define the water quality in relation to existing standards and Denver's current potable supply. A decision concerning the full-scale implementation of direct potable reuse will follow extensive analysis of the test results and in-depth economic evaluation.

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