Wastewater Reclamation and Water Resources Management

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 251-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Dual Distribution ◽  
Complex Scheme ◽  
The Cost

Wastewater reclamation and reuse are becoming important components of the management of urban, regional and national water resources. Recently, not only countries with chronic water shortage, but also urban areas in temperate climates have considered and implemented wastewater reuse schemes expanding the scope of consumptive uses to include toilet flushing and landscape irrigation, using dual distribution systems and even the reuse as potable waters is being considered and evaluated. Israel is an example of intensive reuse in agricultural irrigation and much experience has been gained in treatment, seasonal reservoirs and establishing quality requirements. The economical justification of wastewater reuse schemes should take into account the overall treatment costs, the ‘environmental and health allowances', i.e. the cost of treatment required even when reuse is not practiced, the benefits of water and the savings in conveyance and pumping. The paper also briefly describes the two largest wastewater reclamation projects in Israel, namely: the Kishon Complex Scheme and the Dan Region Scheme, both aimed at unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops.

The coming era of intensive wastewater reuse in the Mediterranean region

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 115-125 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gedaliah Shelef ◽  
Yossi Azov
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Public Parks ◽  
High Rise ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Near Future

Reuse of wastewater will intensify in the coming decades in the Mediterranean countries due to water shortage, the climatic conditions, the need for agricultural irrigation, the necessity of improving health and environmental conditions for the growing population as well as for the large tourists population. Reuse in agricultural irrigation of unrestricted crops as well as municipal uses of watering of public parks, sport fields and golf courses are of first priority. Groundwater recharge and toilet flushing in high-rise hotels and office buildings should be also considered in the near future. These reuses require considerable treatment and a high and uncompromising quality of effluent. A brief review of the current experience in various countries in the Mediterranean ranging from demonstration to full-scale plants is given. Some reuse schemes in Israel are briefly described as examples of the reuse trends and practices as well as some of the cost and economics of various reuse existing and proposed schemes.

Technical-economic modelling of integrated water management: wastewater reuse in a French island

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (10) ◽  
pp. 67-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Xu ◽  
F. Valette ◽  
F. Brissaud ◽  
A. Fazio ◽  
V. Lazarova
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Potable Water ◽  
Public Attitudes ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Modelling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Management Scenarios ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

An integrated technical-economic model is used to address water management issues in the French island of Noirmoutier. The model simulates potable water production and supply, potable and non potable water demand and consumption, wastewater collection, treatment and disposal, water storage, transportation and reuse. A variety of water management scenarios is assessed through technical, economic and environmental evaluation. The scenarios include wastewater reclamation and reuse for agricultural and landscape irrigation as well as domestic non potable application, desalination of seawater and brackish groundwater for potable water supply. The study shows that, in Noirmoutier, wastewater reclamation and reuse for crop irrigation is the most cost-effective solution to the lack of water resources and the protection of sensitive environment. Some water management projects which are regarded as having less economic benefit in the short-term may become competitive in the future, as a result of tightened environmental policy, changed public attitudes and advanced water treatment technologies. The model provides an appropriate tool for water resources planning and management.

Measures to Relieve the Stress of Water

2013 ◽  
Vol 361-363 ◽  
pp. 636-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shi Kai Duan ◽  
Guo Shi Shen ◽  
Zhen Dong Shan ◽  
Yan Dong ◽  
Kai Zheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
The United States ◽  
Three Solutions ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Water Strategy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Significant Regional Difference

In order to develop realistic water resources strategy, we initially analyze the situation of water resources in the United States which present a significant regional difference. Then on the basis of previous studies, we propose the cost formulas of water storage, movement and desalinization. By analyzing the practical application, along with pros and cons of the above three solutions accordingly, we consider that a comprehensive utilization of these measures will be the best water strategy for America to solve the water shortage problem. Later we apply the conclusion to a case study of Southern California, we propose an optimization model which aims to minimize the total cost of the water strategy, and then use Lingo to solve the problem. Results show that 5.946 billion cubic meters of water by transferring is the best way to make up for the water use gap in 2025 and the total cost is 2.94 billion dollars. Finally, we summarize the strengths and weaknesses of our paper. What needs to be emphasized is that our model can also be adapted into the analysis of other states, which shows great flexibility.

scholarly journals Wastewater Reclamation Holds a Key for Water Sustainability in Future Urban Development of Phoenix Metropolitan Area

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (13) ◽  
pp. 3537 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhi-Hua Wang ◽  
Rachel von Gnechten ◽  
David A. Sampson ◽  
Dave D. White
Keyword(s):  
Metropolitan Area ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Urban Expansion ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Sustainability Indicators ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Water Sustainability ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Phoenix Metropolitan Area

Global water scarcity has been a growing concern among policy makers, researchers, and the general public. Rapid urbanization with more concentrated populations and emergent patterns of climate change (e.g., soaring temperatures and 19 years of drought) added uncertainty and complexity to the risk of water shortage for the Phoenix Metropolitan Area (PMA). In this study, we used a numerical simulation tool, termed WaterSim 5.0, to assess water sustainability indicators in PMA. Four hypothetical scenarios were evaluated, viz. desert, and green landscaping, as well as urban expansion into desert or agricultural lands, bracketing plausible paths of future development in the study area. Model outputs were evaluated using four sustainability indicators and policy controls: (1) groundwater use, (2) agricultural production, (3) personal water use, and (4) the 100-year adequate water supply metric for new population growth. All four scenarios were examined using both current (19%) and complete (100%) wastewater reclamation. We found that the rate of wastewater reuse drives a reduction in groundwater dependency in urban growth; urban-agriculture conversion provides a convenient means to enhance water sustainability. In the broader context, sustainable water planning strategies need to take into account other crucial environmental and socio-economic measures such as changes in thermal stress, agricultural production, and outdoor and rural lifestyles.

International Perspective on Water Resources Management and Wastewater Reuse – Appropriate Technologies

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2039-2047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl R. Bartone
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
International Perspective ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Recommended Guidelines

The unabated urbanization and industrialization process in many arid and semi-arid countries leads to increasing demand for municipal and industrial water supply, often in direct competition with irrigation demand. In such cases wastewater reclamation and reuse should be an integral component of water resources management strategies. National reuse policies should be developed and implemented taking into account local conditions and based on affordable approaches that ensure safe reuse practice. This paper describes research and development carried out in several developing countries on appropriate technologies for implementing reuse, as well as coordinated international efforts to provide recommended guidelines and policies for safe wastewater reuse in agriculture and aquaculture.

scholarly journals Water reuse system in Xi'an Municipality of China

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 407-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rong Chen ◽  
Xiaochang Wang ◽  
Yanzheng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽  
Central City ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Reuse System

A water reuse system was formulated for the Xi'an International Metropolitan Urban Planning Project, with the aim of mitigating water stress in the central city of Xi'an, China in 2020. The main reuse purposes of the reclaimed water were agriculture, industry, municipal, ecological, and indoor uses. A wastewater reuse potential capacity of 427.2 × 106 m3/yr was deduced by analyzing the water demand for the different reuse purposes. This reuse capacity makes significant contribution to increasing the total urban water supply capacity and mitigating the water shortage problems imposed by the process of urbanization. A supply scheme for the reclaimed water was configured, which comprised the reclaimed water sources, water supply service areas, and the main reuse purposes. As a result, a wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs)-centered reclaimed water supply system was formed, and the main reuse purposes of the 15 WWTPs and their service districts were defined. Through an economic analysis, the feasibility and benefits of the water reuse system were ascertained. Overall, this study provided the theoretical basis and implementation strategies for a system configuration of water reuse in Xi'an City and also contributed to solving the water-deficiency problems associated with the rapidly developing urban areas in China.

scholarly journals Innovated water-reuse through redistribution schema, benefits and challenges

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 54
Author(s):  
Kostandin Kristo
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Aquifer Recharge ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Water Tables ◽  
Salinity Levels ◽  
The Cost

The drought regarding a climate forecast Albanian departments have marked the past three months were the result of winter rainfall that was insufficient for replenishing water tables this year and before . We often say that water shortages are not a threat for our country due to plenty water sources . It's possible to think this when we compare our situation to that in other countries. Still , in some regions the availability of water resources is becoming an urgent problem, even more so if we link this to the different scenarios tied to climate change. Each basin has specificities, but some general evolutions should be planned for ,increase in water demand due to the rise in temperatures , causing an increase in the price of water and usage conflicts , change in the amount of the available water resources , changes in the flow of waterways and the aquifer recharge ,decrease in water quality ( meaning a concentration of pollutants and a weakening in self-purification capacities) rise in nitrates in waterways and in aquifers may occur, as well as increased salinity levels ,increase in the vulnerability of certain ecosystems due to the rise in the risk of erosion, flooding and salting. This paper aims to introduce the benefits and challenges of applying at homes or communal buildings of an Eco-innovation , through developing a new inside distribution of wastewater so that it concludes into sustainable development of inside communal water distribution , therefore recycling inside the house . The main objective of the study is to make evident the cost- efficiency importance of these re-distribution systems , and how they affect improvement in water needs sector , highlighting the deficiencies that cause their not fully-efficient re-use of grey inside water and the positive impact on the potable water saving .

The Role of Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in the USA

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2049-2059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takashi Asano ◽  
George Tchobanoglous
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resources Management ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The United States ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Resources Management ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

IAWPRC's Specialist Group on Wastewater Reclamation, Recycling and Reuse (Water Reuse Group) is conducting a day-long Water Reuse Seminar on August 1, 1990 at the 15th Biennial Conference in Kyoto, Japan. This paper is prepared to review the role of wastewater reclamation and reuse in water resources management in the U.S.A., and to serve as an introduction to the theme for the Seminar. Following a brief summary of available water resources in the United States, the role of wastewater reclamation and reuse is discussed in terms of planning and implementation. Major wastewater reuse categories are identified and discussed. The emphasis of this paper is on wastewater reuse in the context of the water supply benefits to water resources management rather than on water pollution control measures. The overriding importance in wastewater reclamation and reuse is to protect public health and to mitigate health risks. Accordingly, wastewater reclamation criteria for health protection are also presented.

Sustainable management of urban water resources in China

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Qian
Keyword(s):  
Water Pollution ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
The Sustainable Development

Due to the rapid development of economy, China has been facing severe water shortage and water pollution problems. This paper discusses three strategies developed for the urban water resource management in China, which is essential for the sustainable development of its economy. These strategies include setting high priority for demand control and water conservation, controlling pollution from the sources and increasing investment for wastewater treatment; and developing untraditional water resources, such as rainwater harvesting, wastewater reclamation, seawater utilization, etc. It is hoped that these strategies may not only solve the water shortage and water pollution problems at low capital and operational costs, but also meet the present and future needs on water resources in China.

scholarly journals The status of freshwater and reused treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hilmi S. Salem ◽  
Yohannes Yihdego ◽  
Hadi Hamaaziz Muhammed
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Status ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Agricultural Irrigation ◽  
Palestinian Territories ◽  
Mediterranean Countries

Abstract Global freshwater scarcity is imposing the demand for using non-conventional water resources for irrigation and non-irrigation purposes. Direct reuse of treated wastewater for agricultural irrigation is a widespread practice in arid and semi-arid regions, because of water shortage and scarcity. Water scarcity and the need for ecological sustainability have led to the introduction of treated wastewater as an additional water resource in the national water resources' management plans of Mediterranean countries. The use of wastewater for irrigation is an important tool for water resources' supplement. However, the reuse of effluent in irrigation can have negative impacts on crop quality and soil conditions, as well as on public health and the environment. Furthermore, inappropriate management of agricultural irrigation with treated wastewater can also pose problems for plant production and the physical and chemical properties of soils. This paper presents some approaches to understand the impacts of reusing treated wastewater. It also presents a critical analysis of the treated wastewater's reuse for irrigation in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), while shedding light on the water status in the OPT. The paper investigates the wastewater treatment and reuse for agricultural irrigation, especially in the lack of control of Palestinians on their own freshwater resources in the OPT.

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