Aerated biological filtration for the removal of ammonia and manganese in a major new water treatment works under construction in Hong Kong

2002 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Heard ◽  
B.G. Hoyle ◽  
M.J. Hieatt
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Transfer Scheme ◽  
Biological Filtration ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Flow Changes ◽  
Under Construction

Construction is currently under way in Hong Kong of a US$ 575 million water treatment and transfer scheme including the first 250 Ml/d stage of a new water treatment works at Tai Po, with an ultimate capacity of 1,200 Ml/d. The design incorporates primary aerated biological filters for ammonia and manganese removal as a key element of the treatment strategy. Pilot filter work was carried out for a period of over twelve months covering seasonal variations. The work included investigations into “start up” times; ammonia removal efficiency at different filtration rates; effects of flow changes; ammonia peaks and temperatures; aeration and chemical dosing requirements; recovery after a “kill” and operation in both downflow and upflow modes. The pilot filters demonstrated the process to be effective and robust and provided design parameters for the sizing of the process units and for the provision of chemical dosing and aeration equipment. The paper sets the context to the scheme, describes the pilot filter work and the results, discusses the reaction kinetics and shows how the design parameters obtained from the pilot filter work were used in the development of the engineering design of the treatment works.

Up-flow roughing filtration: rehabilitation of a water treatment plant in Tarata, Bolivia

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (9) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana María Ingallinella ◽  
Luis María Stecca ◽  
Martin Wegelin
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Laboratory Tests ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Horizontal Flow ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Chemical Products ◽  
Made In

This paper presents the methodology used for the rehabilitation of the pretreatment stage in a water treatment plant for a village located in Bolivia which has 3500 inhabitants. The treatment plant was initially composed by horizontal-flow roughing filters and slow sand filters, but due to the high contents of colloidal turbidity of the providing source, it did not work properly. A plan of rehabilitation was made which comprised laboratory tests, pilot tests and proposal of modifications based on the results of previous stages. The laboratory tests were made in order to find the optimum conditions to coagulate the raw water. It was found that horizontal-flow roughing filters must be turned into up-flow roughing filters, so a pilot plant was built and was operated for three months in order to find suitable design parameters. The results obtained obtained during the operation of the pilot plant and the proposal of modifications are presented. The results of operation of the final plant, which are also reported, demonstrated the advantages of the up-flow roughing filtration as a pretreatment stage when it is necessary to add chemical products in small treatment plants.

A simplified model for evaluating the energy saving potential of adopting demand controlled ventilation in office buildings in Hong Kong

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jie Jia ◽  
Wai-Ling Lee ◽  
Hua Chen ◽  
Han Li
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Simplified Model ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Subtropical Climate ◽  
Original Design ◽  
Energy Saving Potential ◽  
Controlled Ventilation ◽  
Demand Controlled Ventilation

Demand controlled ventilation (DCV) to conserve energy while maintaining an acceptable indoor environment has been used for over 30 years. However, little work has been done on evaluating its energy saving potential in cooling dominant office buildings in subtropical climate. In this study, the energy saving potential of DCV system for use in six representative office buildings in Hong Kong was investigated by simulations. Simulation validation was done based on in situ measurements and site surveys. The findings show that, based on their original design conditions, the use of DCV could lead to 12.5–26.1% energy saving. To facilitate quick estimation of the energy saving potential of DCV system, further simulations were performed for the development of a simplified model. The simplified model relates the energy saving potential to key air-conditioning system and design parameters. Based on the simplified model, sensitivity analysis was conducted to quantify the influences of different parameters on the energy saving potential of DCV system. The developed model method can be used for prediction on the energy saving potential in a wider application of DCV in Hong Kong.

scholarly journals Cost and financial sustainability of a household-based water treatment and storage intervention in Zambia

2007 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyana Banerjee ◽  
Deborah A. McFarland ◽  
Ritu Singh ◽  
Robert Quick
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water System ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Household Water Treatment ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Household Water ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Program Costs ◽  
And Behavior

Providing safe water to >1 billion people in need is a major challenge. To address this need, the Safe Water System (SWS) - household water treatment with dilute bleach, safe water storage, and behavior change - has been implemented in >20 countries. To assess the potential sustainability of the SWS, we analyzed costs in Zambia of “Clorin” brand product sold in bottles sufficient for a month of water treatment at a price of $0.09. We analyzed production, marketing, distribution, and overhead costs of Clorin before and after sales reached nationwide scale, and analyzed Clorin sales revenue. The average cost per bottle of Clorin production, marketing and distribution at start-up in 1999 was $1.88 but decreased by 82% to $0.33 in 2003, when >1.7 million bottles were sold. The financial loss per bottle decreased from $1.72 in 1999 to $0.24 in 2003. Net program costs in 2003 were $428,984, or only $0.04 per person-month of protection. A sensitivity analysis showed that if the bottle price increased to $0.18, the project would be self-sustaining at maximum capacity. This analysis demonstrated that efficiencies in the SWS supply chain can be achieved through social marketing. Even with a subsidy, overall program costs per beneficiary are low.

Rapid Start-Up of Biofilter for Removal of Iron and Manganese from Groundwater

2010 ◽  
Vol 113-116 ◽  
pp. 1316-1319 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hui Ping Zeng ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Jie Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Quartz Sand ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Iron And Manganese

“aged” biofilter media was adopted as the inoculum to accelerate the maturation of biofilter for iron and manganese removal in the start-up of filter column. morphology of “aged” biofilter media and new quartz sand was observed with SEM. The results indicate that the “aged” biofilter media coated by a large quantity of bacteria which reduces the start-up time to 30 daysand affords strong Mn-removal efficiency at the beginning of the process. This method probably can be used for the start-up of new filters when there are well-established biofilters around.

METHODS FOR DETERMINING ORGANIC MATTER AND COLOUR IN WATER

2010 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-8
Author(s):  
Ramunė Albrektienė ◽  
Mindaugas Rimeika
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Wave Length ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Filtration ◽  
Humic Matter ◽  
Sand Filters ◽  
Start Up

The article examines different methods for determining organic matter and colour in water. Most of organic compounds in water have a humic substance. These substances frequently form complexes with iron. Humic matter gives water a yellow-brownish colour. Water filtration through conventional sand filters does not remove colour and organic compounds, and therefore complicated water treatment methods shall be applied. The methods utilized for organic matter determination in water included research on total organic carbon, permanganate index and the bichromate number of UV absorption of 254 nm wave length. The obtained results showed the greatest dependence between water colour and permanganate index. However, UV adsorption could be used for organic matter determination during the operation of a water treatment plant and the start-up of plants as easy and fast methods.

Modeling manganese removal in chelating polymer-assisted membrane separation systems for water treatment

2007 ◽  
Vol 290 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang-Chul Han ◽  
Kwang-Ho Choo ◽  
Sang-June Choi ◽  
Mark M. Benjamin
Keyword(s):  
Water Treatment ◽  
Membrane Separation ◽  
Separation Systems ◽  
Manganese Removal ◽  
Chelating Polymer

Experience from start-ups of the first ANITA Mox Plants

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (12) ◽  
pp. 2677-2684 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Christensson ◽  
S. Ekström ◽  
A. Andersson Chan ◽  
E. Le Vaillant ◽  
R. Lemaire
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Removal ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Ammonia Removal ◽  
Nitrogen Loading ◽  
Biofilm Reactor ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Start Up

ANITA™ Mox is a new one-stage deammonification Moving-Bed Biofilm Reactor (MBBR) developed for partial nitrification to nitrite and autotrophic N-removal from N-rich effluents. This deammonification process offers many advantages such as dramatically reduced oxygen requirements, no chemical oxygen demand requirement, lower sludge production, no pre-treatment or requirement of chemicals and thereby being an energy and cost efficient nitrogen removal process. An innovative seeding strategy, the ‘BioFarm concept’, has been developed in order to decrease the start-up time of new ANITA Mox installations. New ANITA Mox installations are started with typically 3–15% of the added carriers being from the ‘BioFarm’, with already established anammox biofilm, the rest being new carriers. The first ANITA Mox plant, started up in 2010 at Sjölunda wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Malmö, Sweden, proved this seeding concept, reaching an ammonium removal rate of 1.2 kgN/m3 d and approximately 90% ammonia removal within 4 months from start-up. This first ANITA Mox plant is also the BioFarm used for forthcoming installations. Typical features of this first installation were low energy consumption, 1.5 kW/NH4-N-removed, low N2O emissions, <1% of the reduced nitrogen and a very stable and robust process towards variations in loads and process conditions. The second ANITA Mox plant, started up at Sundets WWTP in Växjö, Sweden, reached full capacity with more than 90% ammonia removal within 2 months from start-up. By applying a nitrogen loading strategy to the reactor that matches the capacity of the seeding carriers, more than 80% nitrogen removal could be obtained throughout the start-up period.

A case study of the Flex LNG/Rift Oil floating LNG project in Papua New Guinea

2009 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 594
Author(s):  
Peter Dighton
Keyword(s):  
Papua New Guinea ◽  
Critical Path ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
New Guinea ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Start Up ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Fiscal Regime ◽  
Project Structure

Flex LNG Limited is a producer of units for the production, storage and off-take of liquefied natural gas (LNG). It currently has four of these units committed for construction by Samsung Heavy Industries in Korea, utilising the SPB LNG containment system. The world’s first floating liquefaction unit will be delivered to Flex in 2012. Floating LNG facilities have unique potential for monetising uncommitted gas reserves. In June 2008 Flex and Rift PLC entered into a co-operation agreement under which they agreed to work together to develop a floating liquefaction project offshore Papua New Guinea (PNG). The project will utilise Rift’s gas reserves and one of Flex LNG’s floating liquefaction units. Annual production capacity will be 1.5 million tonnes of LNG and start-up is targetted for 2012. The paper will be a case study of this project including: critical path, project structure and contractual matrix, upstream reserves and facilities, feed gas quantity and quality, pipeline issues and, key design parameters and liquefaction operations for the LNG producer. The paper will also cover: direct and indirect stakeholders in the project; economics and financing; PNG-specific issues such as geography, permitting, fiscal regime, local employment opportunities, marine conditions, infrastructure and sovereign risk; LNG demand in the Pacific and LNG marketing and off-take arrangements.

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