Case studies on municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in China

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
B. Wang ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
G. Li ◽  
P. Qi ◽  
Y. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water System ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Initial Energy ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Water Scarce

Water shortage and water environmental pollution have promoted the development of wastewater reclamation and reuse in China in recent years. Different treatment processes are employed for this purpose, such as pond-farmland systems using solar radiation as initial energy source, treating wastewater at low cost and low energy consumption to realize wastewater reclamation and reuse for irrigation on farmland to provide both water and nutrients. Some full-scale projects on municipal wastewater reclamation mainly based on activated sludge and/or submerged biofilm processes followed by some advanced treatment processes such as filtration and disinfecting, from which the effluent is reused in agriculture, industry and domestic uses except for drinking purpose have been built and put into operation in some water shortage cities, which are described in this paper. In some water scarce cities the domestic wastewater reclamation and reuse (dual water system) is employed for a building, a group of buildings or a sub-residential district, whose treatment system consists of submerged biofilm process, dual-media filter and disinfection.

Evaluation of the California Wastewater Reclamation Criteria Using Enteric Virus Monitoring Data

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1513-1524 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Asano ◽  
L. Y. C. Leong ◽  
M. G. Rigby ◽  
R. H. Sakaji
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Enteric Virus ◽  
Monitoring Data ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Food Crop ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Crop Irrigation

The State of California's WastewaterReclamationCriteria is under review and will be revised and expanded to include several new regulations on the use of reclaimed municipal wastewater. To provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the existing and proposed Criteria, enteric virus monitoring data from secondary and tertiary effluents were evaluated. These virus data were obtained from special studies and monitoring reports, covering the period from 1975 to 1989, including ten municipal wastewater treatment facilities in California. Based on the enteric virus data from these reports, and using the current Criteria as a guide, four exposure scenarios were developed to determine the risk of waterborne enteric virus infection to humans as a consequence of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The exposure assessments included food crop irrigation, landscape irrigation for golf courses, recreational impoundments, and ground water recharge. The virus enumeration and the resulting risk assessments described in this paper provide a comparative basis for addressing the treatment and fate of enteric viruses in wastewater reclamation and reuse. The analyses show that annual risk of infection from exposure to chlorinated tertiary effluent containing 1 viral unit/100 L in recreational activities such as swimming or golfing is in the range of 10−2 to 10−7, while exposures resulting from food-crop irrigation or groundwater recharge with reclaimed municipal wastewater is in the range of 10−6 to 10−11. The risk analyses are also used to demonstrate that the probability of infection can be further mitigated by controlling exposure to reclaimed wastewater in the use area.

Coagulation-adsorption-ultrafiltration for wastewater treatment and reuse

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 361-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Abdessemed ◽  
G. Nezzal ◽  
R. Ben Aim
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Powdered Activated Carbon ◽  
Cod Removal ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Uf Membranes ◽  
Tubular Membranes

We considered the treatment of domestic wastewater by coagulation–adsorption–ultrafiltration, and a test of adsorption like pre-treatment to the membrane as an alternative for wastewater reclamation and reuse. The performances of two inorganic tubular membranes (M2 and M5 CARBOSEP with 15,000 Da and 10,000 Da MWCO) were studied. Powdered activated carbon was used as adsorbent agent and FeCl3 as a coagulant. Coupling adsorption and ultrafiltration resulted in satisfactory results: the efficiency of COD removal was increased by using PAC compared with results obtained when using only UF membranes.

Joint treatment of landfill leachate with municipal wastewater by submerged membrane bioreactor

2009 ◽  
Vol 60 (12) ◽  
pp. 3121-3127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Hasar ◽  
Ubeyde Ipek ◽  
Cumali Kinaci
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
High Strength ◽  
Carbon And Nitrogen ◽  
Submerged Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Treatment Processes ◽  
Phosphorus Source ◽  
Number Of Treatment ◽  
Joint Treatment

Young leachate was a high strength wastewater with regard to carbon and nitrogen matter, and up to now many researchers have focused on a number of treatment methods to treat the leachate. By using various treatment processes, joint treatment of leachate with domestic wastewater, resulted from same community, is one of the most significant methods because domestic wastewater has either larger mass or lower strength than leachate. In this study, a submerged membrane bioreactor (sMBR) was used for treatment of blending wastewater, including differential mixture ratios of domestic wastewater and leachate. In raw leachate, BOD5/COD was between 0.40 and 0.67 and total phosphorus was between 17 and 24 mg/l. After the leachate was blended with domestic wastewater in the ratios of 1/5–1/20, the influent COD decreased from 8,500–14,200 mg/l to 750–2,400 mg/l as ammonium decreased from 1,100–2,150 mg/l to 30–180 mg/l. The sMBR, which was aerated intermittently, accomplished both COD oxidation and nutrient removal at optimal conditions without adding the external phosphorus source, providing < 15 mg COD/l, <1.3 mg NH4+-N/l, and <2.0 mg P/l on average at solid retention times (SRT) higher than 10 days. Consequently, the results showed the mixture of leachate and domestic wastewater could be an acceptable alternative by means of membrane bioreactor technology.

Deep-bed filtration of SBR effluent for agricultural reuse: pilot plant screening of advanced secondary and tertiary treatment for domestic wastewater

1994 ◽  
Vol 30 (9) ◽  
pp. 219-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asher Brenner ◽  
Semen Shandalov ◽  
Gideon Oron ◽  
Menahem Rebhun
Keyword(s):  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Tertiary Treatment ◽  
Granular Filtration ◽  
Single Medium

A wastewater reclamation program has been proposed as a means of supplying a major part of agricultural water demand in Israel. This program may solve the two fold problem of a national water shortage combined with continuous contamination of groundwater resources by inadequately treated wastewater. A pilot-scale investigation of an advanced treatment scheme incorporating a sequencing batch activated sludge system, followed by deep-bed granular filtration, has been started. It is aimed at the development of design and operation guidelines for such systems to be applied on a full scale. Preliminary results presented herein indicate that the sequencing batch reactor system is capable of producing high-quality, low-suspended-solids effluent to be further polished by granular filtration. A single medium quartz sand filter operated under a high variety of filtration velocities and inflow turbidities with no chemicals added, demonstrated good performance and supplied basic design information to be applied in further investigation.

Wastewater reclamation systems in small communities

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Alcalde ◽  
M. Folch ◽  
J.C. Tapias ◽  
E. Huertas ◽  
A. Torrens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlorine Dioxide ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Small Communities ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Chlorine Dioxide Disinfection

The demands established in the rules and regulations by the administration in Catalonia seem to exclude small communities from wastewater reclamation and reuse, due to the comparatively high costs associated with the practice at small scale. In the framework of the DRAC project (Demonstration on Wastewater Reclamation and Reuse in Catalonia) two different pre-treatment systems, one extensive (infiltration–percolation) and another intensive (ring filter), each one followed by chlorine dioxide disinfection, were tested in order to be applied for small communities wastewater reclamation and reuse. The results of this study show that infiltration–percolation systems remove very efficiently physico-chemical contaminants and microorganisms. The ring filter system does not show a significant removal rate of contaminants. The use of infiltration–percolation as a pre-treatment for advanced chemical disinfection allows reducing the dose of disinfectant and the contact time needed to achieve a specific water quality, and diminishes disinfection by-products (DBPs) generation. Therefore, this reclamation line is suitable for small communities due to its efficiency and low cost. However, further studies are needed in relation to the removal mechanisms of microorganisms, organic compounds in IP systems and the possible DBPs formation using chlorine dioxide.

Performance improvement of hybrid membrane bioreactor with PAC addition for water reuse

2005 ◽  
Vol 52 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 383-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Liu ◽  
L. Wang ◽  
B. Wang ◽  
H. Cui ◽  
J. Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Water Temperature ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Membrane Surface ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Oil Exploitation ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse ◽  
Pollutants Removal ◽  
Coat Layer

A study was carried out on a hybrid (AS-SBF) membrane bioreactor (HMBR) for the municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse at Chengfengzhuang WWTP in Daqing City, Heilongjiang Province. It was found that the effects of DO and water temperature on performance of the HMBR was significant. Under the conditions of water temperature in range of 10–14°C, pH of 6.6–7.0, DO of 4–6mg/l and HRT of 7h, the HMBR exhibited removal efficiencies for CODcr, BOD5, NH3-N and TN of 96.7%, 98.9%, 93.7% and 60.5% respectively. The turbidity of effluent from HMBR was below 1NTU. The effluent of HMBR meets the standard of wastewater reclamation for oil exploitation. PAC was added into the bioreactor at the second operating stage, in order to further research parameters variation. The flux was improved by 53.2%, compared to the membrane without PAC-addition, due to formation of a PAC pre-coat layer on the membrane surface, with lots of advantages such as larger granules, higher porosity, non-compressibility, higher filterability and easy removal, compared with pure biomass layer. In addition, the performance of HMBR was further improved, due to adsorption and degradation of SMPs, the average removal of CODcr and TN was further improved by 5.1% and 13.5% respectively. Biomass in the HMBR was quantitatively measured, of which the biofilm played a major role in pollutants removal.

scholarly journals Exclusion of Estrogenic and Androgenic Steroid Hormones from Municipal Membrane Bioreactor Wastewater Using UF/NF/RO Membranes for Water Reuse Application

Membranes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mujahid Aziz ◽  
Tunde Ojumu
Keyword(s):  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Membrane Bioreactor ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Size Exclusion ◽  
Secondary Effluent ◽  
Western Cape ◽  
Municipal Wastewater Treatment

In the context of water scarcity, domestic secondary effluent reuse may be an option as a reliable source for alleviating acute water shortage. The increasing risks linked with the presence of natural steroid hormones and many emerging anthropogenic micropollutants (MPs) passing through municipal wastewater treatment works (MWWTWs) are of concern for their endocrine-disrupting activities. In this study, domestic wastewater treated by a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) at an MWWTW in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, was used directly as the influent to a reverse osmosis (RO) pilot plant for the removal of selected natural steroid hormones 17β-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) as a potential indirect water recycling application. Estrogenicity and androgenicity were assessed using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and the recombinant yeast estrogen receptor binding assays (YES). The influent pH and flux did not influence the rejection of E2 and T, which was most likely due to adsorption, size exclusion, and diffusion simultaneously. RO and nanofiltration (NF) exhibited excellent removal rates (>95%) for E2 and T. All the E2 effluent samples with MBR/ultrafiltration (UF), MBR/NF, and MBR/RO were lower than the US EPA and WHO trigger value of 0.7 ng/L, as well as the predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) values for fish (1 ng E2/L).

scholarly journals The role of membrane processes in municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse

Desalination ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 178 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
A. Schäfer ◽  
S. Khan ◽  
M. Muston ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

scholarly journals Overview of Biological Treatment Technologies for Greywater Reuse

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Treatment ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Batch Reactor ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Anaerobic Sludge ◽  
Illegal Migration ◽  
Residual Concentration ◽  
Global Water

Greywater is a wastewater discharge originating from kitchen sinks, showers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers. Properly treated greywater can be recycled to meet global water shortages that is expected to affect 2.7 billion people around the world by 2025. Global water shortage can result in a reduction in agricultural land and increased dissertation leading to poverty, faming, war, illegal migration and human trafficking. Greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape and crop irrigation. Recycling of grey water provides substantial benefits for both the water supply system by reducing the demand for fresh clean water, and for the wastewater system by reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyed and disposed of. In this paper, the existing biological treatment systems for greywater are reviewed. These are: (a) constructed wet land, (b) sequencing batch reactor, (c) vertical flow bioreactor, (d) membrane bioreactor, (e) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, (f) rotating biological contractors, (g) trickling filters, (h) aerated lagoons, (i) anaerobic up-flow filter, and (j) expanded bed up-floe reactor. In a biological treatment, the degradation and transformation of greywater constituents are facilitated by the biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in the liquid medium. However, the effluent of biologically treated greywater may contain pathogenic microorganisms, requiring a final disinfection step to eliminate the risk of contracting pathogenic diseases. Selection criteria for a disinfectant include: (a) non-toxicity to humans, domesticated animals, and aquatic ecosystems, (b) low cost (c) easy handling, (d) reliable analysis, and (e) a satisfactory residual concentration. Any disinfection process selected (whether chemical oxidants or irradiation treatment is selected) should be evaluated taken into consideration the conditions of the wastewater source and existing biological treatment design.

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