Deep-bed filtration of SBR effluent for agricultural reuse: pilot plant screening of advanced secondary and tertiary treatment for domestic wastewater

A wastewater reclamation program has been proposed as a means of supplying a major part of agricultural water demand in Israel. This program may solve the two fold problem of a national water shortage combined with continuous contamination of groundwater resources by inadequately treated wastewater. A pilot-scale investigation of an advanced treatment scheme incorporating a sequencing batch activated sludge system, followed by deep-bed granular filtration, has been started. It is aimed at the development of design and operation guidelines for such systems to be applied on a full scale. Preliminary results presented herein indicate that the sequencing batch reactor system is capable of producing high-quality, low-suspended-solids effluent to be further polished by granular filtration. A single medium quartz sand filter operated under a high variety of filtration velocities and inflow turbidities with no chemicals added, demonstrated good performance and supplied basic design information to be applied in further investigation.

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Pilot study of SBR biological treatment and microfiltration for reclamation and reuse of municipal wastewater

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2000.0323 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 42 (1-2) ◽

pp. 263-268 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

R. Messalem ◽

A. Brenner ◽

S. Shandalov ◽

Y. Leroux ◽

P. Uzlaner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Reuse ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Oxygen Demand ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Fecal Coliforms ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Two Stage ◽

Stage Scheme

In Israel the shortage of water and concern for the quality of groundwater resources have led to an awareness that a national wastewater reclamation program must be developed. Such a program could cover a major part of the agricultural water demand and could facilitate disposal of effluents without health hazards or environmental problems. A two-stage pilot-scale system comprising secondary sequencing batch reactor (SBR) treatment and tertiary microfiltration was operated for the treatment of Beer-Sheva municipal wastewater. The self-cleaning, continuous microfiltration system comprised a filter module made up of hollow fiber microporous membranes, with a pore size distribution of less than 0.1 μm, encapsulated into a bundle. The unit, which has a nominal filtration area of 4 m2, can treat 4–5 m3 of sewage per day, at a nominal rate of about 500 L/h. SBR treatment of the raw sewage produced an effluent with a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) of <20 mg/L and total suspended solids (TSS) of <20 mg/L. Further treatment by microfiltration resulted in a BOD <5 mg/L, TSS <1 mg/L and turbidity <0.2 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU). Bacterial counts showed 6-log removal of coliforms and fecal coliforms. These results indicate that the two-stage scheme is capable of producing an effluent that meets or even surpasses the requirements for unrestricted water reuse for agriculture.

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Costs of tertiary treatment of municipal wastewater by rapid sand filter with coagulants and UV

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2003.0056 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

H. Heinonen-Tanski ◽

P. Juntunen ◽

R. Rajala ◽

E. Haume ◽

A. Niemelä

Keyword(s):

Total Phosphorus ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Tertiary Treatment ◽

Sand Filter ◽

Physico Chemical ◽

Bathing Waters ◽

Filtration Unit ◽

Microbial Groups

Municipal treated wastewater has been tertiary treated in a pilot-scale rapid sand filter. The filtration process was improved by using polyaluminium coagulants. The sand-filtered water was further treated with one or two UV reactors. The quality changes of wastewater were measured with transmittance, total phosphorus, soluble phosphorus, and somatic coliphages, FRNA-coliphages, FC, enterococci and fecal clostridia. Sand filtration alone without coagulants improved slightly some physico-chemical parameters and it had almost no effect on content of microorganisms. If coagulants were used, the filtration was more effective. The reductions were 88-98% for microbial groups and 80% for total phosphorus. The wastewater would meet the requirements for bathing waters (2,000 FC/100 ml, EU, 1976). UV further improved the hygiene level; this type of treated wastewater could be used for unrestricted irrigation (2.2 TC/100 ml, US.EPA 1992). The improvement was better if coagulants were used. The price for tertiary treatment (filtration + UV) would have been 0.036 Euro/m3 according to prices in 2001 in 22 Mm3/a. The investment cost needed for the filtration unit was 0.020 Euro/m3 (6%/15a). Filtration with coagulants is recommended in spite of its costs, since the low transmittance of unfiltered wastewater impairs the efficiency of the UV treatment.

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A pilot scale study of a sequencing batch reactor treating municipal wastewater operated via the UP-PND process

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2008.366 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 58 (2) ◽

pp. 435-438 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

M. Kornaros ◽

C. Marazioti ◽

G. Lyberatos

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Synthetic Wastewater ◽

Second Step ◽

Decentralized Wastewater Treatment ◽

Real Wastewater

SBRs are usually preferred as small and decentralized wastewater treatment systems. We have demonstrated previously that using a frequent enough switching between aerobic and anoxic conditions and a specific to the treated wastewater aerobic to anoxic phase ratio, it is possible to by-pass the second step of nitrification (i.e. conversion of nitrite to nitrate nitrogen). This innovative process for nitrate by-pass has been branded as UP-PND (University of Patras-Partial Nitrification Denitrification) (WO 2006/129132). The proved methodology was successfully transferred from a lab-scale SBR reactor treating synthetic wastewater to a pilot-scale SBR system treating real wastewater. In this work we present the results from the operation of this pilot-scale SBR, constructed in the Wastewater Treatment Plant of Patras (Greece), using 6-hour, 8-hour and 12-hour cycles. It is demonstrated that three pairs of aerobic/anoxic phases with a relative duration of 1:2 (8-hour cycle) and 2:3 (12-hour cycle) secures the desired by-pass of nitrate production.

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A case study of urban wastewater reclamation in Spain: comparison of water quality produced by using alternative processes and related costs

Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination ◽

10.2166/wrd.2015.147 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 72-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Joaquín Melgarejo ◽

Daniel Prats ◽

Andrés Molina ◽

Arturo Trapote

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Resource Exploitation ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Tertiary Treatment ◽

Royal Decree ◽

Treated Water ◽

Alternative Processes

In Spain, and particularly in the Valencia Region, the scarcity of water resources means that water resource exploitation must be optimized. In this light, reusing the large amounts of treated wastewater is a top priority, especially in agriculture, urban use and the irrigation of golf courses. Rincón de León wastewater treatment plant–water reclamation plant (Alicante, Spain) supplies reclaimed flow to a number of users according to the guidelines stated in the Royal Decree 1620/2007. Reclamation treatment includes: coagulation + flocculation + filtration (sand bed), ultrafiltration, ultraviolet disinfection and desalination (reverse osmosis). By combining these processes, three tertiary treatment alternatives were configured, and for each of them the quality of effluents, treatment costs, energy consumption and the uses of treated water were analysed. The results show that the quality of the water treated using the three alternatives is suitable for different uses. Moreover, the costs resulting from the tertiary treatment processes, their energy consumption and the final price of the treated water paid by farmers have been obtained.

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Design of Portable Hybrid Constructed Wetland Reactor for the Treatment of Wastewater

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.34937 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VI) ◽

pp. 53-58

Author(s):

Swapnil Hiwrale

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Constructed Wetland ◽

Water Purification ◽

Water Solution ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

General Term ◽

Pollutant Removal ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

The Way

The idea of the project is predicated on the methodology of preventing the wastewater and the way to form the water pure by using various techniques to form water purification. Nowadays the matter of water shortage increases especially we face the water problem in summer seasons only. we are designing and portable hybrid water solution for the treatment of wastewater during this study, pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetlands (CWs) and multistage horizontal subsurface flow CWs (HF CWs) are studied and compared for the treatment of raw urban wastewater. Additionally, the sand became clogged, while the mulch failed to. The effect of water height on the average pollutant removal wasn't determined but HF10 performed better regarding compliance with legal regulations. With this idea of the project, we could see how we will purify the wastewater and the way much we can see the index of the water purification. A survey of the magnitude of water-related stress at villages on the subject of a college campus or Maharashtra villages affects rural life. Especially in the summer seasons. Problems of availability, accessibility, and quality of Water In Maharashtra 17 districts are that which is laid low with water crises. Maharashtra had approved over R.s 7000 corer to complete the potable project in the scarcity hit area. In India 4% of water resources available from 18% water available in word. Wetland technology can provide cheap and effective wastewater treatment in both temperature and tropical climates and is suitable for adoption in both industrialized likewise as in developing nations this method is utilized for the removal of a range of pollutants and a broad verity of wastewater worldwide. it's one of the simplest methods to treated wastewater at source premises, effectively and economically. This general term accustomed describe different degrees of treatment, so as of skyrocketing treatment levels are preliminary, primary, secondary, and tertiary or advance wastewater treatment. Disinfection to get rid of pathogens sometimes follows the last treatment steps. After treatment of wastewater from constructed wetland reactor, 90 to 95% BOD is going to be satisfied than 85 to 90% Turbidity is going to be removed, and 70 to 80% Nutrient are going to be removed by phytoremediation method. Constructed wetland technology has played a vital role in achieving the changes in wastewater.

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Evaluation of Treatment Schemes Appropriate for Wastewater Reuse in Greece

Global NEST Journal ◽

10.30955/gnj.000290 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 1-8

Keyword(s):

Uv Radiation ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Wastewater Reuse ◽

Quality Criteria ◽

Stochastic Approach ◽

Experimental Information ◽

Treated Wastewater ◽

Secondary Effluent ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Tertiary Treatment

The scope of this paper is the evaluation of wastewater reuse quality criteria and treatment specifications, appropriate to Greek conditions. The parameters that affect wastewater reuse criteria were taken into consideration, concerning among others reuse priorities, available treatment plants and effluent characteristics. The proposed wastewater reclamation criteria were verified by a series of lab-scale experiments, designed to study the feasibility and effectiveness of the following treatment schemes to produce treated wastewater suitable for reuse: a) disinfection of secondary effluent with UV radiation and chlorination and b) tertiary treatment and disinfection of wastewater with UV radiation and chlorination. The experimental data were analyzed using a stochastic statistical model that employs Monte Carlo simulation. The main scope of the stochastic approach was the regeneration of a greater set of data, based on the defined by the experimental information mathematical distribution of each parameter involved and the determination of relative probability distributions. Following this approach the standards proposed are realistic and feasible and in the case of restricted reuse can be readily achieved by the existing wastewater treatment plants in Greece. Even in the case of unrestricted reuse the additional treatment required can be achieved at a moderate cost, through upgrading of the existing plants with tertiary treatment.

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Phosphorus elimination of reclaimed water by different kinds of constructed wetlands

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2008.025 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 63-67 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Zifu Li ◽

Zhaojun Huang ◽

Lu Zhou

Keyword(s):

Constructed Wetlands ◽

Good Condition ◽

Reclaimed Water ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Phosphorus Concentration ◽

Wastewater Reclamation ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Operational Conditions

Because of water shortage in Beijing, most ponds and moats there have not enough water. In some times of each year, there is even no water. Therefore, wastewater reclamation and reuse has been paid more and more attention. Reclaimed water used as scenic water such as to supplement city moats, lakes etc. is considered. In this paper, some experiments were done to investigate whether constructed wetlands can reduce the nitrogen and phosphorus concentration further in order to avoid the eutrophication of water bodies through use of reclaimed water for scenic environment. As we know, phosphorus is an important factor to cause algae bloom directly in water bodies. So investigation on phosphorus elimination is a key object for this study, which is composed of two main parts. The first part is laboratory scale testing to select the appropriate substrates of constructed wetlands among some materials. The second part is pilot scale experiments to find out optimal operational condition of different kinds of constructed wetlands. Based on the lab tests, we found that foamy-brick could provide a good condition for plants and microorganisms. According to the pilot scale experiments, it could be concluded that under optimal operational conditions, horizontal flow wetlands could work well. The results of the experiments also showed that integrated vertical flow wetlands are not suitable for phosphorus elimination of reclaimed water.

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Overview of Biological Treatment Technologies for Greywater Reuse

Advance in Environmental Waste Management & Recycling ◽

10.33140/aewmr.04.03.03 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

Keyword(s):

Biological Treatment ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Low Cost ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Water Shortage ◽

Anaerobic Sludge ◽

Illegal Migration ◽

Residual Concentration ◽

Global Water

Greywater is a wastewater discharge originating from kitchen sinks, showers, baths, washing machines and dishwashers. Properly treated greywater can be recycled to meet global water shortages that is expected to affect 2.7 billion people around the world by 2025. Global water shortage can result in a reduction in agricultural land and increased dissertation leading to poverty, faming, war, illegal migration and human trafficking. Greywater contains fewer pathogens than domestic wastewater, is generally safer to handle and easier to treat and reuse onsite for toilet flushing, landscape and crop irrigation. Recycling of grey water provides substantial benefits for both the water supply system by reducing the demand for fresh clean water, and for the wastewater system by reducing the amount of wastewater required to be conveyed and disposed of. In this paper, the existing biological treatment systems for greywater are reviewed. These are: (a) constructed wet land, (b) sequencing batch reactor, (c) vertical flow bioreactor, (d) membrane bioreactor, (e) up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket, (f) rotating biological contractors, (g) trickling filters, (h) aerated lagoons, (i) anaerobic up-flow filter, and (j) expanded bed up-floe reactor. In a biological treatment, the degradation and transformation of greywater constituents are facilitated by the biochemical reactions carried out by microorganisms in the liquid medium. However, the effluent of biologically treated greywater may contain pathogenic microorganisms, requiring a final disinfection step to eliminate the risk of contracting pathogenic diseases. Selection criteria for a disinfectant include: (a) non-toxicity to humans, domesticated animals, and aquatic ecosystems, (b) low cost (c) easy handling, (d) reliable analysis, and (e) a satisfactory residual concentration. Any disinfection process selected (whether chemical oxidants or irradiation treatment is selected) should be evaluated taken into consideration the conditions of the wastewater source and existing biological treatment design.

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Performance of a pilot scale membrane bioreactor coupled with SBR (SM-SBR) - experiences in seasonal temperature changes

Water Science & Technology Water Supply ◽

10.2166/ws.2004.0016 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 135-142 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

H. Shin ◽

S. Kang ◽

C. Lee ◽

J. Lim

Keyword(s):

Membrane Fouling ◽

Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Batch Reactor ◽

Domestic Wastewater ◽

Pilot Scale ◽

Endogenous Respiration ◽

Seasonal Temperature ◽

Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽

Submerged Membrane Bioreactor ◽

Aeration Time

The submerged membrane bioreactor is one of the recent technologies for domestic wastewater treatment. In this study, the performance of the pilot-scale submerged membrane bioreactor coupled with sequencing batch reactor (SM-SBR) was investigated. The reactor was operated in sequencing batch modes with a 3-hour cycles consisting of anoxic and aerobic conditions to treat organics, nitrogen and phosphorus. Despite large fluctuations in influent conditions, COD removal was found to be higher than 95%. Sufficient nitrification was obtained within a few weeks after start-up and during the stable period. Moreover, complete nitrification occurred despite of short aeration time. Total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiency was up to 85%. The insufficient organic loading caused by the membrane fouling led to the increase of HRT, leading to endogenous respiration and/or deactivation of nitrifying microorganisms. DGGE patterns confirmed the shift in microbial community structure. The ammonia-oxidizers (i.e. Nitrospira) became dominant in the mixed liquor during long-term operations. Nitrification and denitrification processes were greatly affected by the temperature, while organic removal and phosphorus removal efficiencies were relatively stable below 15°C.

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