Shedding light on water quality: prospect for real-time control

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 247-253 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Reynolds
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fluorescence Spectroscopy ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Fluorescence Characteristics ◽  
Optical Fluorescence

Fluorescence spectroscopy has been used to measure gross water quality parameters and organic contaminants in a variety of water samples (surface, drinking and wastewater). Water samples exhibit characteristic fluorescence signatures and excitation and emission spectral data can be used to provide intensity data and “optical fluorescence fingerprints”. Sewage wastes exhibit broad band fluorescence centred at 350 nm and two relatively less intense bands at about 390 and 430 nm. Samples that have been treated in an aerobic digester show a substantial reduction in fluorescence around 350 nm. Normalised intensities in this region demonstrate good correlation with BOD, COD and TOC values (R2 values between 0.85 and 0.91). Drinking and surface waters also demonstrate unique fluorescence characteristics, which provide individual characteristic fingerprints. Results are presented that demonstrate the usefulness of fluorescence spectroscopy for the qualitative and quantitative detection of certain organic species present in different water types. Tryptophan is quantified in drinking and surface waters at levels around 8 × 10-9 mol l-1. Optical fluorescence fingerprints are unique for particular water types and are readily altered in the presence of organic contaminants including phenol and pyrene. The possibility of using fluorescence techniques for the continuous noninvasive monitoring of water quality is discussed.

scholarly journals Water Quality Assessment of Surface Waters and Wastewaters by Traditional and Ecotoxicological Indicators in Ogosta River, Bulgaria

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-40
Author(s):  
Galina Yotova ◽  
◽  
Svetlana Lazarova ◽  
Veronika Mihaylova ◽  
Tony Venelinov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Arsenic Concentration ◽  
Sample Pretreatment ◽  
Water Quality Assessment ◽  
Natural Processes ◽  
Ecotoxicological Effect ◽  
Wastewater Samples ◽  
Surface Water Samples

Surface water samples in Ogosta River, Bulgaria and wastewater samples at the inlet and outlet of WWTP–Montana were tested for the traditional parameters and ecotoxicological effect. The river and Dam surface waters comply with category A1 of Directive 75/440/EEC for pH, EC, COD, TSS, NO3–, Cl–, SO42–, B, Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, V and Zn; with category A2 for BOD5, NH4+–N and Fe; and with category A3 for TNb and As. The average annual concentrations of Al, Cr (III), Cr (VI) and U are lower than the set limits in the Water Framework Directive. Arsenic concentration in all the samples exceeds the maximum allowed concentration, a results from natural processes. All the levels of the studied parameters in the outlet wastewater samples are lower than the limits, set in Directive 91/271/EEC and in the complex permit of the WWTP. The results of the biotest Phytotoxkit F™ show low ecotoxicity of the water samples. Optimization of the sample pretreatment prior to this ecotoxicological test is analyzed and discussed.

scholarly journals Effects of Source Water Quality on Chlorine Inactivation of Adenovirus, Coxsackievirus, Echovirus, and Murine Norovirus

2010 ◽  
Vol 76 (15) ◽  
pp. 5159-5164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy M. Kahler ◽  
Theresa L. Cromeans ◽  
Jacquelin M. Roberts ◽  
Vincent R. Hill
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Human Adenovirus ◽  
Source Water ◽  
Murine Norovirus ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Chlorine Disinfection ◽  
Public Water Systems ◽  
Groundwater Source ◽  
Source Water Quality

ABSTRACT More information is needed on the disinfection efficacy of chlorine for viruses in source water. In this study, chlorine disinfection efficacy was investigated for USEPA Contaminant Candidate List viruses coxsackievirus B5 (CVB5), echovirus 1 (E1), murine norovirus (MNV), and human adenovirus 2 (HAdV2) in one untreated groundwater source and two partially treated surface waters. Disinfection experiments using pH 7 and 8 source water were carried out in duplicate, using 0.2 and 1 mg/liter free chlorine at 5 and 15�C. The efficiency factor Hom (EFH) model was used to calculate disinfectant concentration � contact time (CT) values (mg�min/liter) required to achieve 2-, 3-, and 4-log10 reductions in viral titers. In all water types, chlorine disinfection was most effective for MNV, with 3-log10 CT values at 5�C ranging from ≤0.020 to 0.034. Chlorine disinfection was least effective for CVB5 in all water types, with 3-log10 CT values at 5�C ranging from 2.3 to 7.9. Overall, disinfection proceeded faster at 15�C and pH 7 for all water types. Inactivation of the study viruses was significantly different between water types, but no single source water had consistently different inactivation rates than another. CT values for CVB5 in one type of source water exceeded the recommended CT values set forth by USEPA's Guidance Manual for Compliance with the Filtration and Disinfection Requirements for Public Water Systems using Surface Water Sources. The results of this study demonstrate that water quality plays a substantial role in the inactivation of viruses and should be considered when developing chlorination plans.

scholarly journals Hydrochemical Characteristics, Toxic Element Sources, and Health Risk Assessment of Surface Waters in the Amu Darya Basin of Uzbekistan, arid Central Asia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuie Zhan ◽  
Jinglu Wu ◽  
Miao Jin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Central Asia ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Hydrochemical Characteristics ◽  
Amu Darya

Abstract As the core of arid Central Asia, Uzbekistan is experiencing prominent water scarcity with increasingly warming climate and accelerated human impact. To determine the hydrochemical characteristics and sources of toxic elements, as well as to assess water quality and health risks in Uzbekistan, 55 surface water samples were collected from the Amu Darya Basin of Uzbekistan (ADBU) and monitored for 20 parameters. A hierarchical cluster analysis showed that river water samples from the middle reach and Amu Darya Delta (ADD) were dominantly HCO3-Ca and SO4-Ca·Mg type, respectively. While the water samples collected near the former shoreline of the ADD and sewage outlets were dominantly Cl-Ca·Mg and Cl-Na types, which were consistent with the distribution of sites with high concentrations of toxic elements, seriously affected by human activities. Furthermore, principal component analysis indicated that the toxic elements of Pb and Cd in surface waters of the ADBU had industrial origins; local agricultural activities were considered to have contributed much of the NO3, Zn, Ni, Hg and Mn through pesticides and fertilizers; and Cu, Cr, As, and Co were controlled by mixed anthropogenic and natural sources. The results of water quality and health risk assessment also suggested that unsuitable drinking waters were displayed near the former shoreline of the ADD region and sewage outlets, and human health risks also occurred these areas.

scholarly journals Rotavirus contamination of surface waters from the northwest of Argentina

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 409-415
Author(s):  
Verónica Emilse Prez ◽  
Hugo Ramiro Poma ◽  
Georgina Gisela Giordano ◽  
Matías Victoria ◽  
Silvia Viviana Nates ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Fecal Pollution ◽  
Group A Rotavirus ◽  
Group A ◽  
Viral Indicators ◽  
Northern City

Abstract Fecal pollution of water is a serious concern because it is associated with the transmission of pathogens. The aim of this study was to analyze the occurrence of group A rotavirus (RVA) in surface waters from the Arias–Arenales River in Salta, a northern city in Argentina, and to define possible sources of fecal viral pollution. A total of 116 water samples were analyzed and RVA was detected in 3.4% (95% CI: 0.1–7.0%), with concentrations ranging from 1.9 × 105 to 3.8 × 106 genome copies per liter. RVA strains were characterized as G1P[8], G4P[8] and G9P[8], which are common genotypes circulating in the local population. The Arias–Arenales River presented unusual and sporadic contamination by RVA, originated from stormwater discharges and a variety of non-identified sources, and support the essential need of viral indicators for enhanced monitoring of water quality.

scholarly journals Physical, Chemical, and Biological Water Quality Characteristics of Buyan Lake and Tamblingan Lake

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Ni Made Hegard Sukmawati (Scopus ID: 57189732715)
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Lake Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Organic Contaminants ◽  
Oxygen Demand ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Biological Water ◽  
Physical Chemical ◽  
Quality Of Water

Buyan Lake and Tamblingan Lake are known as twin lakes in Bali which serve not only as water sources for agriculture and households, but also as tourist destinations. Infrastructure development and the up-surge of tourism activities potentially increase the contamination of lake water in Bali. The aim of this study was to investigate the quality of water in Buyan Lake and Tamblingan Lake based on physical, chemical, and biological parameters. Five sampling sites (stations) were purposively chosen in each of the lakes. Physical parameters (temperature and total dissolved solids) and chemical parameters (dissolve oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, pH, phosphate, ammonia, nitrate, and heavy metal) were measured from each station. Coliform and fecal coli were also tested to assess biological contamination. The level of contamination were compared to the Bali Governor Regulation no 16 Year 2016 on Water Quality Manage-ment and Pollution Control. Among 14 parameters being measured on Buyan Lake water samples, two of them did not meet the standard water quality 1: BOD (2.19 ± 0.64 mg/l) and COD (49.18 ± 28.70 mg/l). While, wa-ter samples from Tamblingan Lake had 3 parameters above the standard water quality 1: COD (62.92 ± 17.93 mg/l), phosphate (0.23 ± 0.19 mg/l), and coliform (3319 ± 7090 MPN/100 ml). In general, water samples from both lakes did not meet the criteria for potable water neither for recreational activities. High COD in both lakes indicated high organic contaminants.

scholarly journals Quality assessment of the surface and underground water in the region of Al Jabal Al Akhdar, Libya

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-140
Author(s):  
Khaled Megahed ◽  
◽  
Maie El-Gammal ◽  
Mahmoud Ibrahim ◽  
Ramadan Elhendawi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water Quality Index ◽  
Quality Index ◽  
Maximum Level ◽  
Water Types ◽  
Drinking And Irrigation ◽  
Al Jabal Al Akhdar ◽  
Ph Level

Surface and groundwater are the main sources of water supply in Libya. This study aims to assess the water quality index for drinking and irrigation purposes. 15 surfaces and 47 groundwater samples are collected in an area where lies in Al Jabal Al Akhdar region, northeast Libya. Water quality parameters such as temperature (T), pH levels, EC, TDS, TH, TAK, major cations ( Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+) and major anions (Cl-, PO43-, HCO3-, NO3-, SO42- and NO2-) were measured. Water quality indices including SAR, % Na, RSC, PI, MH, Kelly’s Ratio and PS were also computed. Main water types were classified based on Piper trilinear diagram. The results revealed a basic pH level for surface water with a maximum level of 7.88. In addition, it is also exhibited a basic pH level for groundwater in the wet season and changed from acidic to basic in the dry season with a maximum level of 8.1. This indicates high-level concentrations of bicarbonate in water samples as measured. It observed that the ratio between TDS and EC increased with the decrease of pH levels, which indicates more releasing inorganic matter. Calcium and sodium are the dominant cations while Bicarbonate and sulfate are the dominant anions in water samples. Based on the U.S salinity, the Wilcox, and the Doneen classifications, the obtained results revealed that the surface water is suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. Meanwhile, the groundwater is classified between excellent and doubtful except for some samples that were classified as unfit for irrigation purposes. Furthermore and based on the Piper diagram, the water types are classified as calcium sulfate, sodium chloride and as calcium bicarbonate. The water statuses categorization, based on the computational method of water quality index for drinking and irrigation agree with that concluded by US salinity, the Wilcox, and the Doneen diagram.

scholarly journals Quantitative Detection of Escherichia coli O157 in Surface Waters by Using Immunomagnetic Electrochemiluminescence

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 2908-2915 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel R. Shelton ◽  
Jeffrey S. Karns
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Raw Water ◽  
Cell Capture ◽  
O157 Strain ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Made In

ABSTRACT A protocol for the quantitative detection of Escherichia coli O157 in raw and concentrated surface waters using immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence (IM-ECL) was developed and optimized. Three antibody sandwich formats were tested: commercial anti-O157:H7 IM beads, IM beads made in-house with a polyclonal anti-O157:H7 immunoglobulin G (IgG), or IM beads made in-house with a monoclonal anti-O157:H7 IgG coupled with a polyclonal anti-O157:H7 IgG to which an electrochemiluminescent label (TAG) was attached. The monoclonal IM bead-polyclonal TAG format was chosen for optimization because it gave lower background levels and linear regression slopes of ca. 1.0, indicative of a constant ECL signal per cell. The dynamic range was ca. 101 to 105 cells ml−1 in phosphate-buffered saline and in raw water samples. The monoclonal IM beads selectively captured E. coli O157 cells in the presence of ca. 108 cells of a non-O157 strain of E. coli ml−1. Background ECL signals from concentrated (100-fold) water samples were substantially higher and more variable than raw water samples. The background signal was partially eliminated by the addition of polyvinylpolypyrrolidone. Successive cell capture incubations, termed sequential bead capture (SBC), were optimized for establishing baseline ECL values for individual water samples. The linear dynamic range with SBC was ca. 102 to 105 E. coli O157 cells ml of concentrated water−1. To validate the protocol, 10-liter surface water samples were spiked with ca. 5,000E. coli O157 (Odwalla) cells and concentrated by vortex filtration, and 1- or 3-ml aliquots were analyzed by IM-ECL. Differential ECL signals (SBC) from 1- and 3-ml samples were statistically significant and were generally consistent with standard curves for these cell concentrations. Enrichments were conducted with aliquots of spiked raw water and concentrated water using EC broth and minimal lactose broth (MLB). All tubes with concentrated water became turbid and gave a positive ECL response for E. coli O157 (>10,000 ECL units); MLB gave a somewhat higher detection rate with spiked raw water. The potential sensitivity of the IM-ECL assay is ca. 25 E. coli O157 cells ml of raw water−1, 25 cells 100 ml of 100-fold concentrated water−1, or 1 to 2 viable cells liter−1 with concentration and enrichment. The IM-ECL assay appears suitable for routine analysis and screening of water samples.

scholarly journals Field Detection ofSchistosoma japonicumCercariae in Environmental Water Samples by Quantitative PCR

2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (6) ◽  
pp. 2192-2195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caitlin Worrell ◽  
Ning Xiao ◽  
Jorge E. Vidal ◽  
Lin Chen ◽  
Bo Zhong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Surface Waters ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Environmental Water ◽  
Quantitative Detection ◽  
Mouse Bioassay ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Water Sampling ◽  
Species Specific

ABSTRACTA species-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay was combined with two novel water-sampling methods and compared with the mouse bioassay for the quantitative detection ofS. japonicumin surface waters. The novel methods were capable of capturing cercariae and, with subsequent analysis through qPCR, detecting the presence of a minimum of 1 cercaria.

Investigation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water under Mymensingh Municipality

2015 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-89
Author(s):  
F Zannat ◽  
MA Ali ◽  
MA Sattar
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Pond Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Water Quality Parameters ◽  
Urban Region ◽  
Mn Toxicity ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Drinking Water Standard

A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality parameters of pond water at Mymensingh Urban region. The water samples were collected from 30 ponds located at Mymensingh Urban Region during August to October 2010. The chemical analyses of water samples included pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, S, Mn and As were done by standard methods. The chemical properties in pond water were found pH 6.68 to 7.14, EC 227 to 700 ?Scm-1, Na 15.57 to 36.00 ppm, K 3.83 to 16.16 ppm, Ca 2.01 to 7.29 ppm, S 1.61 to 4.67 ppm, Mn 0.33 to 0.684 ppm and As 0.0011 to 0.0059 ppm. The pH values of water samples revealed that water samples were acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. The EC value revealed that water samples were medium salinity except one sample and also good for irrigation. According to drinking water standard Mn toxicity was detected in pond water. Considering Na, Ca and S ions pond water was safe for irrigation and aquaculture. In case of K ion, all the samples were suitable for irrigation but unsuitable for aquaculture.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 85-89 2015

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