Quantitative assessment of residential water end uses and greywater generation in the City of Al Ain

2014 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rezaul K. Chowdhury ◽  
Walid El-Shorbagy ◽  
Mwafag Ghanma ◽  
Assem El-Ashkar
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Logistic Distribution ◽  
Water Abundance ◽  
Internal Water ◽  
Al Ain ◽  
The City ◽  
Water Uses ◽  
End Uses

Diversification of water sources and water demand reduction are two vital tools in maintaining the security of urban water supplies in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Reuse of greywater for non-potable end uses can be an effective alternative, but this resource has not yet received much attention in the UAE. Since the generation of greywater significantly differs from country to country – depending on age, gender, habits, lifestyle, living standards and the degree of water abundance – an attempt was made to estimate internal water consumption and greywater generation in the city of Al Ain, UAE. The frequency and water requirement for personal water uses (e.g. showers, ablutions, teeth brushing, hand washing, face washing and toilet flushing) and family water uses (e.g. laundry, dish washing and house cleaning) were estimated from about 100 villa-type detached homes randomly distributed across the city. A frequency analysis was carried out using normal, lognormal, gamma and logistic distribution. The estimated average generation rate of greywater was found to be 192 litres per capita per day, which is about 69% of the average internal water consumption. The generated greywater originates from showers (49%), ablutions (18%), laundry (10%) and washbasins (23%). Based on average quantities, it was shown that the generated greywater is sufficient to fulfil the non-potable water demand in houses, but further, more rigorous, investigation is required.

Developing a demand model integrating end uses of water (DMEUW): structure and process of integration

2015 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 529-537 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Sarker ◽  
S. Gato-Trinidad
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Daily Rainfall ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Residential Water Consumption ◽  
End Use ◽  
Hypertext Markup Language ◽  
End Uses

The process of developing an integrated water demand model integrating end uses of water has been presented. The model estimates and forecasts average daily water demand based on the end-use pattern and trend of residential water consumption, daily rainfall and temperature, water restrictions and water conservation programmes. The end-use model uses the latest end-use data set collected from Yarra Valley Water, Australia. A computer interface has also been developed using hypertext markup language and hypertext pre-processor. The developed model can be used by water authorities and water resource planners in forecasting water demand and by household owners in determining household water consumption.

scholarly journals Water Demand Management Based on Water Consumption Data Analysis in the Emirate of Abu Dhabi

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 2827
Author(s):  
Shayma Albannay ◽  
Shinobu Kazama ◽  
Kumiko Oguma ◽  
Takashi Hashimoto ◽  
Satoshi Takizawa
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Time Series Data ◽  
Demand Management ◽  
Water Saving ◽  
Abu Dhabi ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Water Demand Management ◽  
Consumption Data

In Abu Dhabi, in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the population and water demand have nearly tripled in the last two decades. Thus, it has become critical to curtail the growing water demand. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Abu Dhabi’s residential water demand management through the installation of water-saving fittings. The analysis of water consumption time-series data revealed that water consumption of the three water user categories was significantly different. Briefly: water-tariff exempt users consumed 95.19 m3/d/connection in 2019, followed by nationals with 5.14 m3/d/connection, and expats at 0.7 m3/d/connection. Nationals began saving water in 2011, which was earlier than the water tariff revision of 2015. In a newly developed area of Khalifa City, the water consumption of new residents was 46.0% less than that of old residents, indicating the effectiveness of water-saving fittings installed in new homes following the Housing Rules’ requirements. Then, based on the estimated number of new connections and the fittings’ saving efficiencies, we estimated that water-saving fittings contributed to 73.1% of the water savings since 2011. These results strongly recommend the introduction of an incentive or subsidy for owners of old houses to replace their outdated fittings with water-saving ones.

scholarly journals Variation in Seedling Characteristics of Five Populations of Acacia tortilis From the United Arab Emirates in Response to Increasing Sodium Chloride Concentrations

2001 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Fatma. M. Al-Ansari ◽  
Rashied. S. Modawi
Keyword(s):  
Salt Stress ◽  
Sodium Chloride ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Germination Rate ◽  
Acacia Tortilis ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Al Ain ◽  
The City ◽  
Seedling Characteristics ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Seeds of Acacia tortilis collected from 5 sites around the city of Al Ain in the United Arab Emirates were germinated in 4 concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 20, 90 and 150 mM of NaCl). Percent of germination, rate of germination, seedling moisture content, root and shoot lengths and seedling lengths were all significantly affected by salt stress. Seeds collected from the different sites were significantly different in their response to salinity conditions. Variations in the response of seedlings from different sites to the different salt treatments suggest an underlying genetic variability within the A. tortilis   populations, possibly resulting from variations in the prevailing local conditions. Urbanization in the area and the changing water table may have divided A. tortilis into distinct subpopulations that are significantly different in seedling characteristics and their response to saline conditions. 

scholarly journals Prevalence and characteristics of sellar masses in the city of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates: 2011 to 2016

2020 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-112
Author(s):  
Khaled M. Aldahmani ◽  
Jayadevan Sreedharan ◽  
Mohamad Milad Ismail ◽  
Jim Philip ◽  
Satish Chandrasekhar Nair ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Al Ain ◽  
The City

scholarly journals Pertussis seronegativity in pregnant women in the city of Al Ain, United Arab Emirates

2019 ◽  
Vol 89 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
Hassib Narchi ◽  
Wafa Osman ◽  
Junu A. George ◽  
Lolowa A. Almekhaini ◽  
Abdul-Kader Souid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Al Ain ◽  
The City

Effects of water tariff structures on water demand in Tokyo metropolis

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 235-242
Author(s):  
S. Takizawa ◽  
C. Iwasaki ◽  
K. Oguma
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Japanese Economy ◽  
Large Families ◽  
Tariff Structures ◽  
Annual Water ◽  
Tariff Structure ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Water Uses

As the socio-economic structure of Tokyo has changed over the last few decades, the water demand also has changed significantly. The bulk customers who use larger amounts of water gradually diminish, and the number of single and small households has increased dramatically. Analysis of the impact of such changes is necessary to give a clearer idea on the future water demand. In this paper, the effects of water tariff revision in 1994 on water consumption were analysed. Using the data obtained from Tokyo Metropolitan Waterworks, it was proved that the total annual water consumption after the change of water tariff structure in 1994 decreased significantly compared to the preceding years. The decreasing trend, however, started two years before the water tariff revision, which coincides with the downturn of the Japanese economy. In order to further analyse the contribution of customers classified by monthly water consumption, the numbers of customers in all water consumption classes were analysed for the years 1994 and 2001. The analysis on changes of the numbers of customers in each water consumption class revealed that the most significant reduction in water consumption took place in a water consumption class IV (31–100 m3/month), which comprises small businesses and large families. The reduction of water consumption by bulk customers with monthly water uses greater than 100 m3 was not so significant. The reduction in water consumption by medium to large users was partly augmented by the increasing number of single and small family users.

scholarly journals Commercial Tanker Water Demand in Amman, Jordan—A Spatial Simulation Model of Water Consumption Decisions under Intermittent Network Supply

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heinrich Zozmann ◽  
Christian Klassert ◽  
Katja Sigel ◽  
Erik Gawel ◽  
Bernd Klauer
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
Water Markets ◽  
Water Volume ◽  
Public Supply ◽  
Consumption Decisions ◽  
Water Users ◽  
The City

The Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan is confronted with a severe freshwater crisis shaped by excess water demand and intermittent public supply. In Jordan’s capital and most populous city, Amman, the pervasive water shortage gave rise to private tanker water operations, which transport groundwater from wells in the vicinity of the city and sell it to urban consumers. These tanker water markets have received little attention in the literature up to date, particularly with regard to their relevance for commercial water users. This paper aims to empirically estimate the water demand of commercial establishments in Amman under public supply rationing and to assess to which extent tanker operations contribute to meeting commercial water needs. Building on a prior simulation model of residential water consumption, the results of three extensive surveys concerned with tanker water markets and various geographic data, we develop a spatial agent-based model of the water consumption behavior of commercial establishments in different sizes. According to our estimation, 35–45% of the overall water volume consumed by the commercial sector stems from tanker operations, depending on the season. We find that the local disparities in access to affordable network water, along with the dispersion of groundwater wells around the city, result in considerable spatial differences in tanker water consumption. The outcome of this analysis could be relevant for policy attempting to enhance freshwater sustainability in Jordan.

Prediction of urban water demand on the basis of Engel's coefficient and Hoffmann index: case studies in Beijing and Jinan, China

2010 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 410-418 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Zhi-guo ◽  
Shao Yi-sheng ◽  
Xu Zong-xue
Keyword(s):  
Water Consumption ◽  
Water Demand ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Industrial Water ◽  
Demand Model ◽  
Urban Water Demand ◽  
Model Based ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Two Cities ◽  
Water Uses

Domestic and industrial water uses are the most important segment of urban water consumption. Traditional urban water demand models are usually based on water consumption quotas or statistical relationships, which usually overestimate urban water demands. The efficiency of domestic and industrial water uses is associated with living standards and levels of industrialization. The correlation coefficient between per capita water consumption and Engel's Coefficient in Beijing and Jinan is 0.62 and 0.53, respectively. These values are much smaller than the correlation between added industrial value and the Hoffmann Index in Beijing (0.95) and Jinan (0.90). Demand models for urban water consumption, including a domestic water demand model based on Engel's Coefficient and an industrial water demand model based on the Hoffmann Index, were developed in this study to predict urban water demand in Beijing and Jinan for 2020. The results show that the models can effectively capture the trends of urban water demand. Urban water consumption in these two cities from 1995 to 2007 was used to calibrate the models. The coefficients of determination for residential and industrial water uses were 0.93 and 0.68 in Beijing, and 0.79 and 0.64 in Jinan. Social, economic and climate scenarios for Beijing and Jinan in 2020 were generated according to the Urban Master Plans for these two cities, and they formed the basis for predictions of water consumption in 2020. The results show that total water consumption will increase by 67.6% in Jinan and 33.0% in Beijing when compared with consumption from 2007.

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