The role of reclaimed water for crop irrigation in southeast Spain

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. 1555-1562 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Maestre-Valero ◽  
M. J. González-Ortega ◽  
V. Martínez-Álvarez ◽  
B. Martin-Gorriz
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Large Fraction ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Water Shortages ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
Microbiological Pollutants

Abstract Water shortages have led to measures such as the implementation of reclaimed water (RW) for irrigation in order to sustain agriculture. Waste water requires treatment to become a safe water resource for irrigation. This paper presents an analytical study on the use of RW for irrigation in the southeast of Spain, identifying its strengths and current limitations. It includes official data from 13 waste water treatment plants (WWTPs) belonging to two coastal irrigation districts in the Region of Murcia. The content of essential nutrients in some RWs might allow them to supply a large fraction of the fertilizers required by the crops, thus saving energy and reducing the cost of fertilization. However, the accumulation of chloride, sodium, and boron could damage soils and cause phytotoxicity to crops in the mid-term, reducing yields. Microbiological pollutants in the RW could also endanger human health and hence waste water treatment is required. In the selected WWTPs, all effluents met the minimum requirements established in Water Quality 2.3 by the Royal Decree 1620/2007 and also with the European Classes B and C proposed by COM[2018] 337. Blending RW and other water resources of better quality is recommended for the sustainable use of RW for irrigation.

The new technology of waste water treatment by using bioreactors with bio membranous movable bed – biochips

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-292
Author(s):  
Maria Y. Savostyanova ◽  
◽  
Lidia А. Norina ◽  
Arina V. Nikolaeva ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Pollution Level ◽  
Waste Waters ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Movable Bed

Retaining of water resources quality is one of the global ecological problems of the modern time. The most promising direction in solving the problem of water resources protection is the reduction of negative environmental influence of waste water from production facilities by upgrading the existing water treatment technologies. To treat utility water, technical and rain water from site facilities of Transneft system entities, the specialists developed and approved standard technological diagrams, which are used in producing treatment facilities. The standard technological diagrams provide for all necessary stages of waste water treatment ensures the reduction of pollution level to normal values. However, during operation of treatment facilities it was established, that to ensure the required quality of waste water treatment with initially high levels of pollution, the new technological solutions are necessary. The author presents the results of scientific-research work, in the context of which the best affordable technologies were identified in the area of the treatment of waste water with increased content of pollutants and non-uniform ingress pattern. On the basis of the research results the technical solutions were developed for optimization of operation of existing waste water treatment facilities by means of using combined treatment of technical and rain waters and utility waste waters and applying bioreactor with movable bed – biochips. The use of bioreactor with movable bed allows the increase in the area of active surface, which facilitates increase and retention of biomass. Biochips are completely immersed into waste waters, and biofilm is formed on the entire volume of immersion area, facilitating retention of biomass and preventing formation of sediments. Due to mixing the floating device with biofilm constantly moves along the whole area of bioreactor, and, in doing so, speeds up biochemical processes and uniformity of treatment. The advantages of a bioreactor with movable bed – its active sludge durability against increased and changing pollutant concentrations, change of waste water temperature and simplicity of application – ensured the possibility of its use for blending utility waters, technical and rain waters.

REVIEWS OF ELECTROCOAGULATION PROCESS ON WASTE WATER TREATMENT TECHNOLOGY

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taty Hernaningsih
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Treatment Technique ◽  
Industrial Waste Water ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Current Voltage ◽  
Electrocoagulation Process

Waste water treatment by industry usually uses chemicals that may lead to additional environmental pollution load. On the other hand, water demand increases and environmental regulations regarding waste water disposal requirements that apply more stringent. It is necessary for waste treatment technique that accommodate this requirement. Electrocoagulation process is a technique of wastewater treatment that has been chosen because the technique is environmentally friendly. This paper will review some of the research or application electrocoagulation process which is conducted on industrial waste water. Types of industrial waste water that is to be reviewed include: industries batik, sarongs, textiles, palm oil, slaughterhouses, food, leather tanning, laundry, pulp and paper. Overview reviewed in this research include the waste water treatment process in several processing variations such as: change in time, electricity and kind of electrodes. The results of the research with electrocoagulation process in the industry are the removal efficiency of TSS, COD, BOD5, Chrome, phosphate, surfactants, color turbidity influenced by several factors including time, strong current, voltage, distance and type of electrode and pH. The results of the study with electrocoagulation process in the industry is the removal efficiency of TSS, COD, BOD5, chromium, phosphate, surfactant, turbidity color that are influenced by several factors including time, strong current, voltage, distance and type of electrode and pH. It is hoped the information presented in this article can be a reference for similar research for the improvement of research on the process ektrokoagulasi.Key words: elektrocoagulation, removal eficiency, environmental friendly

New method for enhanced reactivation of anaerobic plants

2016 ◽  
pp. 36-39
Author(s):  
Hans-Joachim Jördening ◽  
Ralph-Matthias Schoth ◽  
Charlotte Pipper ◽  
Runi Egholm
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Water Treatment ◽  
Control Problem ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
New Method ◽  
Treatment Results ◽  
Loading Rates ◽  
Drastic Increase ◽  
Expected Increase

A major problem in anaerobic waste-water treatment results from difficulties with the mixing of sludge, when it has settled after periods of standstill. A new method for reactivating those plants is discussed in this paper. In a technical anaerobic plant (volume 9600 m3) a control problem led to a breakdown of the process, connected with a drastic increase of the reactor COD. The load to the reactor was temporarily stopped to remove the inhibiting conditions. Restart with low loading rates and addition of new sludge did not lead to the expected increase in performance. The main problem was to suspend the sludge layer, which was settled on the bottom of the reactor. For activating the sludge layer feed “shots” were added up to three times per day. These shots consisted of volume streams of high loaded waste-water, up to five times bigger than the normal stream at that time and lasting for 1 h. The shots provided the sludge layer much better with substrate and caused biogas formation which itself led to a suspension of bacterial flocs. The same strategy was applied again successfully for reactivating a second anaerobic 10,000 m3 reactor.

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