New Developments in Complete Nitrogen Removal with Biological Aerated Filters

Biological aerated filters combine bacterial degradation of pollution by fixed biomass with physical filtration in a single reactor.Several full-size plants with the BIOCARBONE process have established the compactness, ease of operation and high removal rates achievable with this advanced treatment system. Based on large-scale industrial experiences, a new biofilter design offering simplified operation and increased performance is presented. Design data for carbon and nutrient removal were collected during extensive pilot tests. Hydraulic conditions and pollution loadings were varied in order to optimize the biological and operational parameters of the filter. Carbon and ammonia oxidation as well as denitrification and suspended solids retention could be achieved with an overall hydraulic retention time of two hours.

Download Full-text

Biofiltration as a Compact Technique for Small Waste Water Treatment Plants

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.1990.0195 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 22 (3-4) ◽

pp. 145-152 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Gilbert Desbos ◽

Frank Rogalla ◽

Jacques Sibony ◽

Marie-Marguerite Bourbigot

Keyword(s):

Wastewater Treatment ◽

Municipal Wastewater ◽

Ammonia Oxidation ◽

Wastewater Treatment Plants ◽

Waste Water Treatment ◽

Bacterial Degradation ◽

Municipal Wastewater Treatment ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Removal Rates ◽

Design Data

Biological aerated filters combine bacterial degradation of pollution by fixed biomass with physical filtration in a single reactor. Removal rates become independent of clarification and sludge setueability limits, and concentration of biomass is increased. Nitrifiers attach to the media, allowing nitrogen removal without sludge age constraints. Several fullsize plants with the BIOCARBONE process for industrial and municipal wastewater treatment have established the compacity, ease of operation and high removal rates achievable with this advanced treatment system. A new biofilter design offering simplified operation and increased performance is presented, which allows implementation of biofiltration for small wastewater treatment plants. Design data for carbon and nutrient removal were collected during extensive pilot tests. Hydraulic conditions and pollution loadings were varied in order to optimize the biological and operational parameters of the filter. The combination of an anaerobic and an aerobic zone eliminates the need for primary sedimentation. Pollution removal rates up to 20 kg COD/m3 d could be achieved, and a widely fluctuating load of up to twice that average loading can be treated without major effluent deterioration. If lower carbon loadings are used, nitrification is achieved in the upper aerated zone. By recirculating the effluent into the non-aerated lower zone, carbon and ammonia oxidation as well as denitrification and suspended solids retention could be achieved with an overall hydraulic retention time of four hours in one reactor.

Download Full-text

Surveillance Models of Large-Scale ESP With High Viscosity Fluids and Gas

Volume 6: Materials Technology; Polar and Arctic Sciences and Technology; Petroleum Technology Symposium ◽

10.1115/omae2012-83534 ◽

2012 ◽

Author(s):

Lissett Barrios ◽

Stuart Scott ◽

Charles Deuel

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Two Phase Flow ◽

Electrical Current ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Viscous Fluids ◽

Phase Flow ◽

Centrifugal Pumps ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

Two Phase ◽

Operational Conditions

The paper reports on developmental research on the effects of viscosity and two phases, liquid–gas fluids on ESPs which are multi stage centrifugal pumps for deep bore holes. Multiphase viscous performance in a full-scale Electrical Submersible Pump (ESP) system at Shell’s Gasmer facility has been studied experimentally and theoretically. The main objectives is to predict the operational conditions that cause degradations for high viscosity fluids when operating in high Gas Liquid Radio (GLR) wells to support operation in Shell major Projects. The system studied was a 1025 series tandem WJE 1000. The test was performed using this configuration with ten or more pump stages moving fluids with viscosity from 2 to 200 cP at various speed, intake pressure and Gas Void Fractions (GVF). For safety considerations the injected gas was restricted to nitrogen or air. The ESP system is a central artificial lift method commonly used for medium to high flow rate wells. Multiphase flow and viscous fluids causes problems in pump applications. Viscous fluids and free gas inside an ESP can cause head degradation and gas locking. Substantial attempts have been made to model centrifugal pump performance under gas-liquid viscous applications, however due to the complexity this is still a uncertain problem. The determination of the two-phase flow performance in these harmful conditions in the ESP is fundamental aspects in the surveillance operation. The testing at Shell’s Gasmer facility revealed that the ESP system performed as theoretical over the range of single flowrates and light viscosity oils up to Gas Volume Fractions (GVF) around 25%. The developed correlations predict GVF at the pump intake based on the operational parameters. ESP performance degrades at viscosity higher than 100cp as compared to light oil applications, gas lock condition is observed at gas fraction higher than 45%. Pump flowrate can be obtained from electrical current and boost for all range of GVF and speed. The main technical contributions are the analysis of pump head degradation under two important variables, high viscosity and two-phase flow inside the ESP.

Download Full-text

Seeding metrics for image velocimetry performances in rivers

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-9229 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Silvano Fortunato Dal Sasso ◽

Alonso Pizarro ◽

Sophie Pearce ◽

Ian Maddock ◽

Matthew T. Perks ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Optical Sensors ◽

Large Scale ◽

Surface Flow ◽

Surface Velocity ◽

Seeding Density ◽

Earth System ◽

Science Data ◽

Image Velocimetry ◽

Hydraulic Conditions

Optical sensors coupled with image velocimetry techniques are becoming popular for river monitoring applications. In this context, new opportunities and challenges are growing for the research community aimed to: i) define standardized practices and methodologies; and ii) overcome some recognized uncertainty at the field scale. At this regard, the accuracy of image velocimetry techniques strongly depends on the occurrence and distribution of visible features on the water surface in consecutive frames. In a natural environment, the amount, spatial distribution and visibility of natural features on river surface are continuously challenging because of environmental factors and hydraulic conditions. The dimensionless seeding distribution index (SDI), recently introduced by Pizarro et al., 2020a,b and Dal Sasso et al., 2020, represents a metric based on seeding density and spatial distribution of tracers for identifying the best frame window (FW) during video footage. In this work, a methodology based on the SDI index was applied to different study cases with the Large Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) technique. Videos adopted are taken from the repository recently created by the COST Action Harmonious, which includes 13 case study across Europe and beyond for image velocimetry applications (Perks et al., 2020). The optimal frame window selection is based on two criteria: i) the maximization of the number of frames and ii) the minimization of SDI index. This methodology allowed an error reduction between 20 and 39% respect to the entire video configuration. This novel idea appears suitable for performing image velocimetry in natural settings where environmental and hydraulic conditions are extremely challenging and particularly useful for real-time observations from fixed river-gauged stations where an extended number of frames are usually recorded and analyzed.&#160;References Dal Sasso S.F., Pizarro A., Manfreda S.,&#160;Metrics for the Quantification of Seeding Characteristics to Enhance Image Velocimetry Performance in Rivers.&#160;Remote Sensing,&#160;12, 1789 (doi: 10.3390/rs12111789), 2020.Perks M. T., Dal Sasso S. F., Hauet A., Jamieson E., Le Coz J., Pearce S., &#8230;Manfreda S, Towards harmonisation of image velocimetry techniques for river surface velocity observations. Earth System Science Data, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-1545-2020, 12(3), 1545 &#8211; 1559, 2020.Pizarro A., Dal Sasso S.F., Manfreda S.,&#160;Refining image-velocimetry performances for streamflow monitoring: Seeding metrics to errors minimisation,&#160;Hydrological Processes, (doi: 10.1002/hyp.13919), 1-9, 2020.Pizarro A., Dal Sasso S.F., Perks M. and Manfreda S., Identifying the optimal spatial distribution of tracers for optical sensing of stream surface flow, Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 24, 5173&#8211;5185, (10.5194/hess-24-5173-2020), 2020.

Download Full-text

Causes and consequences of long-term groundwater overabstraction in Jordan

Hydrogeology Journal ◽

10.1007/s10040-021-02404-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Florian Brückner ◽

Rebecca Bahls ◽

Mohammad Alqadi ◽

Falk Lindenmaier ◽

Ibraheem Hamdan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Water Supply ◽

Large Scale ◽

Flow Direction ◽

Groundwater Resources ◽

Regional Scale ◽

Irrigated Agriculture ◽

Groundwater Levels ◽

Contour Lines ◽

Hydraulic Conditions ◽

Groundwater Basins

AbstractIn 2017, a comprehensive review of groundwater resources in Jordan was carried out for the first time since 1995. The change in groundwater levels between 1995 and 2017 was found to be dramatic: large declines have been recorded all over the country, reaching more than 100 m in some areas. The most affected areas are those with large-scale groundwater-irrigated agriculture, but areas that are only used for public water supply are also affected. The decrease of groundwater levels and saturated thickness poses a growing threat for drinking water supply and the demand has to be met from increasingly deeper and more remote sources, causing higher costs for drilling and extraction. Groundwater-level contour lines show that groundwater flow direction has completely reversed in some parts of the main aquifer. Consequently, previously established conceptual models, such as the concept of 12 “groundwater basins” often used in Jordan should be revised or replaced. Additionally, hydraulic conditions are changing from confined to unconfined; this is most likely a major driver for geogenic pollution with heavy metals through leakage from the overlying bituminous aquitard. Three exemplary case studies are presented to illustrate and discuss the main causes for the decline of the water tables (agriculture and population growth) and to show how the results of this assessment can be used on a regional scale.

Download Full-text

Apron and Cutoff Wall Scour Protection for Piano Key Weirs

Water ◽

10.3390/w13172332 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (17) ◽

pp. 2332

Author(s):

Wyatt Lantz ◽

Brian Mark Crookston ◽

Michele Palermo

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Open Channel ◽

Control Structure ◽

Cutoff Wall ◽

Specific Design ◽

Experimental Campaign ◽

Hydraulic Conditions ◽

Weir Height ◽

Scour Protection ◽

Design Guidance

Piano key (PK) weirs are used in a variety of flow control structure applications, including spillway crests and open channel diversion structures. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge, structure-specific design guidance for scour mitigation is still needed. To fill this gap of knowledge, a systematic experimental campaign was conducted by testing different configurations of horizontal aprons with a cutoff wall. Protection structures were located at the toe of the PK weir. Namely, experiments were performed at large-scale to assess the effect of three apron lengths on downstream scour hole geometry under different hydraulic conditions. It was observed that a horizontal apron deflects the plunging jets originating from the PK weir, thus significantly reducing scour. Experimental evidence allowed corroboration that significant scour depth reduction occurs for an apron length 1.5 times the weir height, with longer aprons found to provide marginal benefits. Finally, also provided herein are tools to estimate the main scour characteristics and help practitioners in optimizing apron design.

Download Full-text

DEVELOPMENT OF HURDLES MEDIA LEARNING

Jambura Journal of Sports Coaching ◽

10.37311/jjsc.v2i2.7225 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 69-74

Author(s):

Supriyanto Balango ◽

Ruslan Ruslan

Keyword(s):

Large Scale ◽

Rubber Band ◽

Small Scale ◽

Development Research ◽

Product Testing ◽

Design Data ◽

Class V ◽

Media Learning ◽

Data Design ◽

Testing Product

Learning facilities are often a problem in the learning process for athletic sports. The purpose of this study was to produce a product to develop a hurdling learning tool. The subjects of the small scale trial were class IV which assessed 28 students, and the subjects of the large scale trial were class V who were assessed 32 who were in SDN 70 Kota Tengah Kota Gorontalo. The method in this research is related to determining potentials and problems, design data, design validation, revised design, product testing, product testing, usage trials, product revisions, product testing. The results of this development research are in the form of a tool made from a rubber band with adjustable height support poles then poured out and packed into a book.

Download Full-text

EASYGO - Efficiency and Safety in Geothermal Operations – A new Innovative Training Network

10.5194/egusphere-egu21-15437 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Maren Brehme ◽

Martin O Saar ◽

Evert Slob ◽

Paola Bombarda ◽

Hansruedi Maurer ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Real Time ◽

Large Scale ◽

Strategic Alliance ◽

Early Stage ◽

Energy Transition ◽

Geothermal System ◽

Geothermal Systems ◽

Operational Parameters ◽

European Universities ◽

Research Profile

How to operate a geothermal system in the most efficient and safe manner? This is the most important and urgent question after a geothermal resource has been identified. The recently funded Innovative Training Network &#8216;EASYGO&#8216; will answer that question from different perspectives and give high-level training for early stage researchers (ESR; here PhD candidates) in geothermal operations.Tackling the challenges of sustainable geothermal operations requires an interdisciplinary and intersectoral approach. To achieve the main objective, researchers will work on the whole chain of geothermal operations, from production to power-plant engineering to injection. They will develop novel monitoring concepts, perform real-time simulations, develop system components, assess novel concepts for operations and test operational parameters at the field scale. The major strength and originality of the programme is that it is developed around large-scale infrastructure. Researchers will have access to the infrastructure in all countries for testing equipment and doing real-time measurements.EASYGO graduates will be a new generation of multidisciplinary experts in geothermal operations, trained to achieve standardised efficient and safe operations of geothermal systems to enable the ambitious international expansion plans. The mobility plan of EASYGO envisages each ESR to have at least one academic secondment and one industrial secondment.EASYGO consists of an intersectoral team of experts from academic and non-academic institutions. All academic participants are members of the IDEA League, a strategic alliance of leading European universities of technology. The members of the IDEA League with a strong research profile in geothermal energy, TU Delft (The Netherlands), RWTH Aachen (Germany), ETH Zurich (Switzerland) and Politecnico di Milano (Italy), constitute the academic consortium of EASYGO. Additionally, ten industry partners from all countries drive the research from an applied point of view. Our ambition is to contribute to making Europe a world leader in geothermal science, operational technology and education, thereby accelerating the energy transition.

Download Full-text

Facilitating Design of Efficient Components by Bridging Gaps between Data Model and Business Process via Analysis of Service Traits of Data

Enterprise Information Systems ◽

10.4018/978-1-61692-852-0.ch214 ◽

2011 ◽

pp. 544-549

Author(s):

Ning Chen

Keyword(s):

Business Process ◽

Large Scale ◽

Data Modeling ◽

Data Access ◽

Enterprise Information System ◽

Enterprise Information ◽

Solution Quality ◽

Design Data ◽

Component Design

In many large-scale enterprise information system solutions, process design, data modeling and software component design are performed relatively independently by different people using various tools and methodologies. This usually leads to gaps among business process modeling, component design and data modeling. Currently, these functional or non-functional disconnections are fixed manually, which increases the complexity and decrease the efficiency and quality of development. In this chapter, a pattern-based approach is proposed to bridge the gaps with automatically generated data access components. Data access rules and patterns are applied to optimize these data access components. In addition, the authors present the design of a toolkit that automatically applies these patterns to bridge the gaps to ensure reduced development time, and higher solution quality.

Download Full-text