Identifikasi dan Pencegahan Daerah Rawan Bencana Kebakaran Hutan dan Lahan Gambut Di Kalimantan Barat

Kalimantan Barat memiliki potensi bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut yang tinggi karena banyaknya titik api dan jenis lahan gambut yang mudah terbakar pada musim kemarau. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memetakan dan menentukan kecenderungan titik pamas dan mengidentifikasi dan mencegah kawasan rawan kebakaran hutan dan lahan gambut dengan data hotspot, peta curah hujan, peta tutupan lahan, peta kesatuan hidrologis gambut, dan peta cekungan air tanah menggunakan Sistem Informasi Geografis atau SIG. Metode overlap digunakan untuk menganalisis kecenderungan titik panas sedangkan Overlay dan Scoring digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi kawasan rawan kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Setelah dilakukan analisis titik panas, terdapat kecenderungan curah hujan pada kelas curah hujan 1.500-3.000 mm/tahun dengan 2.192 kejadian. Perubahan tutupan lahan di kawasan hutan mengalami penurunan sebesar 7,96%. Peningkatan tutupan lahan di kawasan non-hutan sebesar 11,26%, mempengaruhi potensi dan kecenderungan titik api dan bencana kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Kubu Raya memiliki tingkat kerawanan bencana kebakaran pada kelas sangat rawan dengan luasan 0,26%, dan Kapuas Hulu memiliki tingkat kerawanan bencana kebakaran pada kelas tidak rawan dengan luas 0,19%. Kabupaten Ketapang merupakan daerah dengan tingkat pencegahan tertinggi, dengan luas cekungan airtanah sebesar 26,46%.ABSTRACTWest Kalimantan has a high potential for forest and peatland fire disasters due to the high number of hotspots and the type of peatland which burns easily during the dry season. The purpose of this research is to map and determine the trend of hotspots and areas prone to forest and peatland fires and prevent them with hotspot data, rainfall maps, land cover maps, maps of peat hydrological units, and maps of groundwater basins using Geographic Information Systems or GIS. The overlap method is used to analyze the trend of hotspots; meanwhile, Overlay and Scoring are used to identify areas prone to forest and land fires in this research. After analyzing the hotspots, there is a tendency for rainfall with a class of 1,500-3,000mm/year with 2,192 events. Land cover change in forested areas decreased by 7.96%. It increased land cover in non-forest areas by 11.26%, affecting the potential and tendency of hotspots and forest and land fire disasters. Kubu Raya has a fire disaster vulnerability level in the very vulnerable class with an area of 0.26%, and Kapuas Hulu has a fire disaster vulnerability level in the non-prone class with an area of 0.19%. Ketapang Regency is the area with the highest prevention rate, with a groundwater basin area of 26.46%.

Causes and consequences of long-term groundwater overabstraction in Jordan

In 2017, a comprehensive review of groundwater resources in Jordan was carried out for the first time since 1995. The change in groundwater levels between 1995 and 2017 was found to be dramatic: large declines have been recorded all over the country, reaching more than 100 m in some areas. The most affected areas are those with large-scale groundwater-irrigated agriculture, but areas that are only used for public water supply are also affected. The decrease of groundwater levels and saturated thickness poses a growing threat for drinking water supply and the demand has to be met from increasingly deeper and more remote sources, causing higher costs for drilling and extraction. Groundwater-level contour lines show that groundwater flow direction has completely reversed in some parts of the main aquifer. Consequently, previously established conceptual models, such as the concept of 12 “groundwater basins” often used in Jordan should be revised or replaced. Additionally, hydraulic conditions are changing from confined to unconfined; this is most likely a major driver for geogenic pollution with heavy metals through leakage from the overlying bituminous aquitard. Three exemplary case studies are presented to illustrate and discuss the main causes for the decline of the water tables (agriculture and population growth) and to show how the results of this assessment can be used on a regional scale.

Reconstruction of Bandung Groundwater Basin Model Using Schlumberger Configuration Geoelectric Method

Bandung is a city with rapid industrial development and a dense population. It causes the need for clean water to be huge, so it impacts groundwater extraction on a large scale. The Bandung Basin, which is a good reservoir for groundwater, will be disturbed if conservation and monitoring efforts are not carried out in the presence of groundwater. This study focuses on reconstructing the groundwater model in the Bandung Basin using the Schlumberger geoelectric method. After taking and analyzing the data, it was found that the resistivity value of the location of the presence of groundwater is depicted into three groundwater basins, namely the Bandung-Soreang groundwater basin, the Lembang groundwater basin, and the Batujajar groundwater basin. Unfettered aquifers, relatively aquitard in nature, are in the upper layer of the coal sandstone, claystone and sandstone units. The confined aquifer in the sand unit is under the sandy claystone layer.

Determining initial viability of local scale managed aquifer recharge projects in alluvial deposition systems

Critical groundwater overdraft is one of the greatest water issues of our time. In California, decades of overdraft have resulted in the passage of the 2014 Sustainable Groundwater Management Act, which requires critically overdrafted groundwater basins to create groundwater sustainability plans for future groundwater management. Many managers are using managed aquifer recharge (MAR) in their overall sustainability portfolio, in an attempt to balance groundwater use. Soil maps have been used in the past to determine viability of managed aquifer recharge sites. However, soil maps do not account for the high permeability pathways that exist in the subsurface, which have the potential to provide high efficiency recharge to the water table. This paper emphasizes the utility of creating data dense fine resolution geostatistical models and generating many realizations of the subsurface, which can then be used for analysis to understand the variability in recharge potential for specific recharge sites. These geostatistical realizations were investigated using connectivity metrics to evaluate the spread of highly conductive pathways throughout the subsurface. Connectivity analyses of high conductivity pathways show confidence that the study site- three vineyards located in the floodplain between the Cosumnes River and Deer Creek in Elk Grove, CA - has the potential to provide efficient recharge to the water table. These connectivity analyses can be completed prior to running computationally expensive and time intensive groundwater models and can be used as a way to understand variance between realizations of these geostatistical models.

REVITALISASI SITU TIPAR SEBAGAI WISATA BARU DI KOTA DEPOK

Depok city has now developed into one of the cities that experienced quite high growth in the JABODETABEK area. For the people of the city itself a comfortable city can not be met only with infrastructure development, but also required public space to interact and socialize one of them by utilizing the natural potential that exists as a recreational facility. Lake as a natural beauty with the form of protected areas has a function as a water importer (recharge) in groundwater basins, clean water reserves, land fisheries and recreational facilities. Situ Tipar is one of the four that is being prioritized to improve competitiveness in 2020. But for the existing condition of Situ Tipar still has some problems, namely the misuse of the border there, the lack of quality and quantity of public facilities and existing conditions that are not maintained so that the lake has not been able to facilitate tourists who come to Situ Tipar. On this basis, this research was carried out to provide recommendations to the government and surrounding residents to organize areas that improve the quality of Tipar in accordance with its function and positive impacts that can prosper the surrounding residents. This research refers to existing data and combined with the study of government and empirical regulations. The analysis method that the author uses is policy analysis, location, footprint, tourist attraction and best practices with descriptive analysis tools, SWOT and benchmarking Keywords: City; Recreation; Situ AbstrakKota Depok kini telah berkembang menjadi salah satu kota yang mengalami pertumbuhan cukup tinggi di wilayah Jabodetabek. Bagi masyarakat kota sendiri kota yang nyaman tidak dapat terpenuhi hanya dengan pembangunan infrastruktur, tapi juga diperlukan ruang publik untuk berinteraksi dan bersosialisasi salah satunya dengan memanfaatkan potensi alam yang ada sebagai sarana rekreasi. Situ sebagai keindahan alam dengan bentuk kawasan lindung mempunyai fungsi sebagai pengimbuh (recharge) air pada cekungan air tanah, cadangan air bersih, perikanan darat serta sarana rekreasi. Situ Tipar merupakan salah satu situ dari empat situ yang sedang diprioritaskan pengembangunannya guna meningkatkan daya saing pada tahun 2020 ini. Namun untuk kondisi eksisting Situ Tipar masih memiliki beberapa permasalahan yaitu adanya penyalahgunaan sempadan situ, masih minimnya kualitas dan kuantitas fasilitas umum serta kondisi eksisting yang tidak terawat sehingga belum dapat memfasilitasi wisatawan yang datang ke Situ Tipar. Atas dasar tersebut maka penelitian ini dilakukan guna memberikan rekomendasi kepada pemerintah serta warga sekitar untuk melakukan penataan kawasan yang bersifat meningkatkan kualitas situ Tipar sesuai dengan fungsinya serta dampak positif yang dapat mensejahterakan warga sekitar. Penelitian ini mengacu kepada data eksisting dan dipadu dengan kajian peraturan pemerintah dan empiris. Adapun metode analisis yang penulis pakai adalah analisis kebijakan, lokasi, tapak, daya tarik wisata dan best practices dengan alat analisis deskriptif, SWOT dan benchmarking.

PROTECTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ACCESS TO NATURAL RESOURCES, ESPECIALLY WATER

Environmental hazards are not considered a national problem that stops at the state’s borders only, but has become a regional and global issue that poses a direct threat to human survival all over the world as a whole. It requires the global community to provide environmental human rights and all the ingredients for sustainable development, especially clean air, clean fresh water, healthy food, and preserving natural resources for future generations. The water problem topped the list of environmental threats, as most countries of the world suffer from a severe shortage of water levels, diminishing the share of each person in the limited quantities of water, and today the world's countries and governments fear unending regional wars due to water, and the conflict over its sources, and the sources of rivers. Therefore, the issue of water has taken on a global character, and the complete conviction that water is the first problem that will face our future generations. he water war between the riparian states is a real war, and it will continue and happen inevitably. In the World Water Forum held in Istanbul in 2009, which showed that 260 water basins are shared by two or more countries, around which 40% of the world's population live, and there are hundreds of shared groundwater basins, for example there are fourteen countries that share a river The European Danube, eleven countries share each of the Nile and Niger rivers, nine countries share the Amazon River, and four countries share the Tigris and Euphrates, and the same is the Jordan River. Differences arose between the participating countries over the sources and the distribution of water between them for a long time, and sometimes reached the stage of acute conflicts and crises, and their intensity increased day after day. Dozens of international treaties have not resolved these differences, as disputes have not stopped after the conclusion of approximately 145 international treaties, and the reason for this is the absence of cooperation between these countries, the scarcity of rainwater, and the thinking of each country in isolation from the interests and peoples of other countries with which they share river water.

Self-validating deep learning of continental hydrology through satellite gravimetry and altimetry

<p>Space-borne observations of terrestrial water storage (TWS) are an essential ingredient for understanding the Earth's global water cycle, its susceptibility to climate change, and for risk assessments of ecosystems, agriculture, and water management. However, the complex distribution of water masses in rivers, lakes, or groundwater basins remains elusive in coarse-resolution gravimetry observations. We combine machine learning, numerical modeling, and satellite altimetry to build and train a downscaling neural network that recovers simulated TWS from synthetic space-borne gravity observations. The neural network is designed to adapt and validate its training progress by considering independent satellite altimetry records. We show that the neural network can accurately derive TWS anomalies in 2019 after being trained over the years 2003 to 2018. Specifically for validated regions in the Amazonas, we highlight that the neural network can outperform the numerical hydrology model used in the network training.</p><p>https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GL089258</p>

Cost of groundwater protection: major groundwater basin protection zones in Poland

This paper describes the complex hydrogeological, legal framework and socioeconomic costs of the groundwater protection in major groundwater basins (MGBs) in Poland in accordance with European directives. The hydrogeological criteria developed in Poland for establishing MGBs and the principles of their protection provide more details to the directives that are in force in Europe, which define the general principles for groundwater protection. The procedure of establishing MGB protection zones is connected with a change in local plans and land development and requires an analysis of the cost–benefit relationship in the sphere of social economy in the sector of public economics. The cost assessment was performed on the basis of data from hydrogeological documentations, and the aggregation of subareas to which the same existing and planned development can be attributed. A legal analysis of bans, orders and restrictions together with the identification of the risk of claims in specific hydrogeological and development conditions was a fundamental issue of research. These costs depend on the acreage and land use of the protected area. The unit costs of MGB protection, calculated per 1 km2 of the protection area, for six sample basins were estimated at €120 to €208,000/2 years/1 km2. The highest costs are generated by establishing protection in urban areas, while the lowest costs are generated in forest areas.