Turbidity Related to Surface Temperature in Oxidation Ponds: Studies toward Development of a Remote Sensing Method

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Dor ◽  
O. Furer ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
N. Ben-Yosef
Keyword(s):  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Morning Temperature ◽  
Spectrum Imaging ◽  
Oxidation Ponds ◽  
Radiometric Equipment ◽  
Parallel Measurements

Recent results obtained from a pilot plant study showed that the rate of morning temperature increase in surface water is significantly correlated with the degree of water pollution expressed as turbidity. The aim of the present study was to validate the above findings under field conditions. Two oxidation ponds differing in their effluent quality were investigated during the summer. In clear weather and moderate winds the ponds were thermally stratified. Continuous records of subsurface temperature and parallel measurements of turbidity provided data for statistical analysis. The variables tested appeared significantly correlated and the more polluted pond exhibited consistently a higher rate of morning temperature increase. Temperature measurements can be carried out remotely using airborn IR radiometric equipment. The thermal method should be applied together with visible spectrum imaging, which can identify pollution components according to the specific waveband of the reflected light.

Experimental Investigations into the Use of Emergent Plants to Treat Sewage in South Africa

1987 ◽  
Vol 19 (10) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. V. Alexander ◽  
A. Wood
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Experimental Investigations ◽  
Artificial Wetlands ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Emergent Plants ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
High Standards ◽  
Oxidation Ponds

South Africa is a relatively water-short country which has many rural communities with water-borne sewage infrastructures requiring low technology treatment facilities. In order to protect the water resources of the country the authorities have set high standards for effluent quality (COD < 75 mg/l, NH3 < 10 mg/l, E. coli < 1000 and in some areas P < 1 mg/l). Traditionally, oxidation ponds have been used in these applications but have not been able to consistently meet the required standards and recently interest has been shown in artificial wetlands as a low technology means of solving the problem. As a result several experimental projects are at present being initiated in South Africa, both as primary and secondary treatment for domestic sewage and also as a tertiary treatment to remove nitrogen, phosphorus and E. coli from conventional sewage plant effluents. The designs of these experimental projects are described in the paper and it is hoped that data will be available for presentation at the seminar.

scholarly journals Assessment of Effects of Laser Light Combining Three Wavelengths (450, 520 and 640 nm) on Temperature Increase and Depth of Tissue Lesions in an Ex Vivo Study

Materials ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 5340
Author(s):  
Kamil Jurczyszyn ◽  
Witold Trzeciakowski ◽  
Zdzisław Woźniak ◽  
Piotr Ziółkowski ◽  
Mateusz Trafalski
Keyword(s):  
Duty Cycle ◽  
Temperature Increase ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Maximum Temperature ◽  
Lesion Depth ◽  
Single Beam ◽  
Duty Cycles ◽  
Rate Of Increase

Background: Lasers are widely used in medicine in soft and hard tissue surgeries and biostimulation. Studies found in literature typically compare the effects of single-wavelength lasers on tissues or cell cultures. In our study, we used a diode laser capable of emitting three components of visible light (640 nm, red; 520 nm, green; 450 nm, blue) and combining them in a single beam. The aim of the study was to assess the effects of laser radiation in the visible spectrum on tissue in vitro, depending on the wavelength and pulse width. Methods: All irradiations were performed using the same output power (1.5 W). We used various duty cycles: 10, 50, 80 and 100% with 100 Hz frequency. Maximum superficial temperature, rate of temperature increase and lesion depth were investigated. Results: Maximum superficial temperature was observed for 450 + 520 nm irradiation (100% duty cycle). The highest rate of increase of temperature was noted for 450 + 520 nm (100% duty cycle). Maximum lesion depth was observed in case of three-wavelength irradiation (450 + 520 + 640 nm) for 100, 80 and 50% duty cycles. Conclusions: The synergistic effect of two-wavelength (450 + 520 nm) irradiation was observed in case of maximum temperature measurement. The deepest depth of lesion was noted after three-wavelength irradiation (450 + 520 + 640 nm).

New data on wittichenite

1979 ◽  
Vol 43 (325) ◽  
pp. 109-113
Author(s):  
A. J. Criddle ◽  
C. J. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Great Britain ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Type Locality ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Chemical Analyses ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
Cell Dimensions

SummaryThe wittichenite (BM 1977, 172) discovered in the course of a reflected light study of polished sections from the Seathwaite deposit, Cumbria (described earlier in this journal by Stanley and Criddle), is the first authenticated occurrence of the species in Great Britain; for this reason it was examined in detail and compared with a specimen (BM 1437) from Wittichen, the type locality. Chemical analyses, cell dimensions, visible-spectrum reflectances, quantitative colour values, and VHN's are provided. They are in agreement with previously published data for the species.

Citrus greening detection using visible spectrum imaging and C-SVC

2016 ◽  
Vol 130 ◽  
pp. 177-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Deng ◽  
Yubin Lan ◽  
Tiansheng Hong ◽  
Junxi Chen
Keyword(s):  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Citrus Greening ◽  
Spectrum Imaging

Feinglosite, a new mineral related to brackebuschite, from Tsumeb, Namibia

1997 ◽  
Vol 61 (405) ◽  
pp. 285-289 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Clark ◽  
A. J. Criddle ◽  
A. C. Roberts ◽  
M. Bonardi ◽  
E. A. Moffatt
Keyword(s):  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
New Mineral ◽  
Monoclinic Space Group ◽  
Indentation Hardness ◽  
Calculated Density ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Micro Indentation ◽  
Reflectance Data ◽  
The Ideal

AbstractFeinglosite, the zinc analogue of arsenbrackebuschite, was found lining a cavity in a sample of massive chalcocite from Tsumeb, Namibia. In this cavity it is associated with wulfenite, anglesite and goethite. The mean of seven electron-microprobe analyses (wt.%) is: PbO 61.4, ZnO 7.3, FeO 1.8, As2O5 22.1, SO3 5.3, H2O (by difference) [2.1], total = [100.00]%, leading to the ideal formula: Pb2(Zn,Fe)[(As,S)O4]·H2O. Feinglosite is monoclinic, space group P21 or P21/m, a 8.973(6), b 5.955(3), c 7.766(6) Å, β 112.20(6)°, with Z = 2. The strongest five reflections of the X-ray powder diffraction pattern are [d in Å (I) (hkl)]: 4.85 (50) (110), 3.246 (100) (112), 2.988 (60) (301), 2.769 (60) (300/211), 2.107 (50) (321). The mineral is pale olive-green, transparent, sectile, and has a white streak and adamantine lustre. It overgrows clusters of goethite crystals and forms globular microcrystalline aggregates up to 0.5–0.75mm in size. The hardness on Mohs' scale is 4–5: the mean micro-indentation hardness is 263 at VHN100. Its calculated density is 6.52 g cm−3. The mineral is pale brownish grey in reflected light (when compared with goethite). Visible spectrum reflectance data are presented. Feinglosite is named for Mark N. Feinglos who first recognised the mineral on a specimen in his collection.

Multiprobe End-Point Detection for Precision Control of the Copper CMP Process

2001 ◽  
Vol 671 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Laursen ◽  
Malcolm Grief
Keyword(s):  
Small Diameter ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Wafer Surface ◽  
Endpoint Detection ◽  
Reflected Light ◽  
End Point Detection ◽  
Copper Cmp ◽  
Time Basis ◽  
Point Detection ◽  
Large Representative

ABSTRACTSentinelä is an optical multiprobe endpoint detection (EPD) system that has been developed by SpeedFam-IPEC (SFI) for the 200-mm and 300-mm Momentum orbital polishers. Sentinel EPD for copper CMP is based on monitoring the visible spectrum of light from a Xenon (Xe) flash lamp, which has been reflected by the wafer surface during polish. Large representative areas of the wafer are monitored from multiple locations in the pad continuously throughout the polish process. Spectra of reflected light from cleared and uncleared copper on a pattern wafer demonstrate a clear transition from copper to the underlying dielectric layer.With the Sentinel EPD system, the wafer is probed at optimized multiple locations constantly throughout the polish process by small-diameter light spots. The coverage of the monitoring is extensive and the radial coverage is substantial on a real-time basis. The EPD call is made based on an EPD signal, which displays the fractional copper coverage as a function of polish time. The detection of copper clearing on the SFI Momentum tools is very reliable and predictable, and not sensitive to process changes.

scholarly journals Micro-Actuated Tunable Hierarchical Silver Nanostructures to Measure Tensile Force for Biomedical Wearable Sensing Applications

Micromachines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (5) ◽  
pp. 476
Author(s):  
Yong Ho Kwon ◽  
Jayer Fernandes ◽  
Jae-Jun Kim ◽  
Jiangang Chen ◽  
Hongrui Jiang
Keyword(s):  
Data Transfer ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Visible Spectrum ◽  
Blue Shift ◽  
Photonic Devices ◽  
Silver Nanostructures ◽  
Sensing Applications ◽  
Design Flexibility ◽  
Reflected Light

Commercially available biomedical wearable sensors to measure tensile force/strain still struggle with miniaturization in terms of weight, size, and conformability. Flexible and epidermal electronic devices have been utilized in these applications to overcome these issues. However, current sensors still require a power supply and some form of powered data transfer, which present challenges to miniaturization and to applications. Here, we report on the development of flexible, passive (thus zero power consumption), and biocompatible nanostructured photonic devices that can measure tensile strain in real time by providing an optical readout instead of an electronic readout. Hierarchical silver (Ag) nanostructures in various thicknesses of 20–60 nm were fabricated and embedded on a stretchable substrate using e-beam lithography and a low-temperature dewetting process. The hierarchical Ag nanostructures offer more design flexibility through a two-level design approach. A tensional force applied in one lateral (x- or y-) direction of the stretchable substrate causes a Poisson contraction in the other, and as a result, a shift in the reflected light of the nanostructures. A clear blue shift of more than 100 nm in peak reflectance in the visible spectrum was observed in the reflected color, making the devices applicable in a variety of biomedical photonic sensing applications.

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