Necessity and basis for establishment of European guidelines for reclaimed wastewater in the Mediterranean region

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Helena F. Marecos do Monte ◽  
Andreas N. Angelakis ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Sound Policy

The use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation contributes to water conservation and, therefore, is an important component of a sound policy for water resources management in the Mediterranean region. With the exception of France and Germany, European Mediterranean countries have not established guidelines for the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. The existence of such guidelines means an important step in the planning and implementation of safe use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation, because it contributes to a sustainable development of landscape and agricultural irrigation. Guidelines for reclaimed wastewater use for irrigation must clearly define what is allowed and what is forbidden to execute. This can be defined in great detail or in a broad manner, but must take into account some important specific local conditions, such as the quality of reclaimed wastewater, soil, climate, relevant crops and agricultural practices. Consequently, experimentation means a key-support to establishing guidelines. The experience from a research project with different type of reclaimed wastewater, crops and irrigation methods carried out for several years in the climatic Mediterranean region of Portugal brings some contribution to the technical content of possible European guidelines. Other aspects to be included in the proposed guidelines, such as monitoring and institutional management are also presented.

scholarly journals Review of Wastewater Reuse in the Mediterranean Countries, Focusing on Regulations and Policies for Municipal and Industrial Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

The present paper reviews the wastewater reuse regulations, practices and applications of countries around the Mediterranean Region, particularly focusing on reuse practices for municipal and industrial uses. Water scarcity and water need is established in Mediterranean countries using international indexes for a cross-border comparison of water availability specifically for fresh water supply for municipal and industrial applications. Wastewater reuse criteria based on necessary, application specific, treatment output quality are presented. Data for each individual country is reviewed, and the regulations governing each country around reuse and applications are summarized, focusing, when appropriate, on the production and use of reclaimed wastewater for municipal and industrial applications. Also a critical overview of the guidelines and regulations governing these countries is presented. After considering multiple parameters associated with adoption of municipal and industrial wastewater reuse, such as water supply and scarcity, country and regional parameters, as well as possible applications, we note that adoption is accelerated in countries that have stronger economies and higher water needs. This development is fueled by favorable guidelines and regulations; conversely it is hindered by prohibitive guidelines and regulations. Wastewater reuse for municipal and industrial applications so far remains a whimsical game of culture, perception, religion, available technology and politics. An increasing trend in wastewater treatment plant construction and planning is seen in almost all the countries of the Mediterranean region. In addition, reuse water standards are in the process of being developed in a way that will clearly take into account the local conditions while reasonably safeguarding the public health. Wastewater reuse for municipal and industrial applications in Mediterranean countries remains at the beginning stages of adoption and the potential for improvement is open.

scholarly journals The effects of environmental risk on consumption dynamics: an empirical analysis on the Mediterranean countries

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-463 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donatella Baiardi ◽  
Matteo Manera ◽  
Mario Menegatti
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Relative Risk Aversion ◽  
Consumption Growth ◽  
Relative Preference ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Consumption Dynamics

AbstractThis paper estimates a theory-based regression model which studies the macro-economic impact of environmental and consumption risks on consumption growth in the Mediterranean region. The analysis is carried out using time series aggregate data for 13 Mediterranean countries over the period 1965–2008. The results indicate that both risks and their interaction significantly influence consumption dynamics. The estimates of the indices of relative risk aversion and relative prudence, as well as the relative preference for the quality of environment, suggest marked cross-country heterogeneity.

scholarly journals The Impacts of Environmental and Socio-Economic Risks on the Fisheries in the Mediterranean Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (19) ◽  
pp. 10670
Author(s):  
Nathalie Hilmi ◽  
Shekoofeh Farahmand ◽  
Vicky W. Y. Lam ◽  
Mine Cinar ◽  
Alain Safa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Surface Temperature ◽  
Adaptive Capacity ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Economic Point ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Economic Risks

The objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of the environmental and socio-economic risks on the fisheries in the Mediterranean region from an economic point of view. A balanced panel of 21 Mediterranean countries for 2001–2018 has been estimated by the GLS method, considering heteroskedasticity and correlation among cross sections. The volume of fish landed and landed values have been considered in two models. The results show that increases in sea bottom and surface temperature, H+ ion concentration and salinity threaten the fisheries in the Mediterranean region for the volume of fish landed and that sea surface temperature and salinity negatively influence landed values. In addition, there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between human population and fisheries. Moreover, the Human Development Index (HDI), an indicator of countries’ adaptive capacity, has a positive impact on fisheries and indicates that countries can safeguard fisheries by improving their adaptive capacity. Finally, our results strongly show the risk of climate change for the fisheries in the Mediterranean region and that fisheries are adversely impacted by climate change as well as worsening socio-economic conditions in the absence of adaptation plans.

Impacts of agricultural practices on soil and water quality in the Mediterranean region and proposed assessment methodology

2002 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Zalidis ◽  
Stamatis Stamatiadis ◽  
Vasilios Takavakoglou ◽  
Kent Eskridge ◽  
Nikolaos Misopolinos
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Assessment Methodology ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Soil And Water

Tourism and Economic Growth Nexus

2021 ◽  
pp. 159-172
Author(s):  
Özlem Durgun
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Sustainable Growth ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Mediterranean Regions ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
North And South

Increasing the competitiveness of the tourism industry of the Mediterranean countries by creating more and better jobs with the sustainable growth of tourism is the main goal of all countries. However, the development of tourism in the Mediterranean countries and the effects are not compatible with each other. This chapter will explain tourism and economic growth nexus: the case of Mediterranean countries. The first part of the study examined the contribution of tourism to the world economy, and then the Mediterranean region were discussed. When the contributions were analyzed, it was determined that North and South are divided into two. By demonstrating that the environmental effects of growth in tourism are different, policy recommendations have been made to these two separate Mediterranean regions.

Mediterranean civilizational model of humanitarian diplomacy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ksenia M. Tabarintseva-Romanova
Keyword(s):  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Humanitarian Assistance ◽  
International Organization ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Universal Model ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

Humanitarian diplomacy is one of the key tools for positioning individual states and supranational structures in the modern world. In the article, the author provides the theoretical foundations of humanitarian diplomacy, the goals and features of this tool. Next, an analysis is made of the countries of the Mediterranean region, which includes states with various historical, cultural and civilizational characteristics. Despite the fundamental differences in the traditions and strategies of building relations with the outside world and neighboring states, the author gives examples of the points of contact of the Mediterranean countries in the framework of the implementation of their foreign policy tasks. In particular, we are talking about the goals of sustainable development of the United Nations and the provision of humanitarian assistance in the framework of the activities of the International Organization of the Red Cross and Red Crescent. The author provides examples of general principles and structures formed within the framework of the ICRC's activities and the achievement of individual SDGs. It is concluded that it is impossible to single out a universal model of humanitarian diplomacy for the Mediterranean region. We can only talk about a kind of construct of the Mediterranean civilization model — where the sea itself is of particular value, is an element of the geopolitical strategy and determines the formation of identity. Without exception, all countries in the region have common priorities, for example, the need to solve problems with the availability of drinking water and depletion of the fertile soil layer, which can become one of the key risks for the region. Also, all of them are aimed at developing the potential of youth — each country has a "roadmap" for the development of youth and their involvement in a variety of creative, scientific, cultural and administrative-political projects. However, the ways to accomplish these tasks can be diametrically opposed.

The Treatment and Disposal of Wastewaters from Settlements and Tourist Resorts on the Mediterranean Coast–State of the Art Review

1986 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 13-34
Author(s):  
S. Tedeschi
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Mediterranean Coast ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Wastewater Disposal ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
Coastal Sea ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Treatment And Disposal

The Mediterranean Sea is in comparison to the Oceans a semi-enclosed sea and represents a concentration basin as the annual water mass brought in by rivers and rainfall is smaller than evaporation. Wastewaters from settlements and tourist resorts contribute comparatively little to the total pollution of the Mediterranean and thus cannot be considered as decisive sources of the waste matter in the sea. The harmful effect of wastewaters from settlements and tourist resorts is noticeable in special local conditions, especially in areas with a poor exchange of the sea water. The most frequent manner of wastewater disposal into the Mediterranean is through its coastal discharge without any previous treatment. In the reconstruction of the existing sewerage systems and in the construction of the new systems, marine outfalls with mechanical treatment as well as short outfalls with biological treatment are applied. In some cases land treatment is applied and wastewater is used for agricultural purposes. Although the sanitation of tne existing discharge and generally the control of the waste matter both require considerable financial means, all the Mediterranean countries are now making an effort to stop the further pollution of the coastal sea.

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