Correlations between microbial parameters from water samples: expectations and reality

2001 ◽  
Vol 43 (12) ◽  
pp. 19-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Tillett ◽  
J. Sellwood ◽  
N. F. Lightfoot ◽  
P. Boyd ◽  
S. Eaton
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Single Parameter ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Classical Statistics ◽  
Parametric Statistics ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Study Plan ◽  
True Correlation

Data which are collected in order to estimate the correlation between parameters must be analysed with caution. Classical statistics of correlation are often inappropriate. The “r” statistic is very easily distorted by non-Normal data. Non-parametric statistics can be helpful. The interpretation and usefulness of the estimates of correlation will depend on the study plan. If water samples come from disparate sources (e.g. upstream or downstream from sewage outlets) then parameters A and B may occur in their highest and lowest numbers according to how close the samples were to contamination sources thus correlating closely. However, if all samples come from sources with similar pollution levels then plots of A and B will show considerable scatter and apparently little correlation. So what is the relationship between A and B? An example of “perfect” correlation, as demonstrated by replicate counts of a single parameter from split samples, gave an r value of only 0.63 (ρ = 0.62) due to random variation in numbers of organisms between the two halves of the sample. Thus large amounts of data are needed for studying true correlation because relationships between parameters are embedded in the natural variation. This also illustrated that Standards for a single parameter can be “passed” or “failed” by two halves of the same sample. Study design is clearly of fundamental importance. Consideration must be given to the appropriate way of asking questions about correlation between different parameters.

The Varieties of Religious Experience

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
William James
Keyword(s):  
Religious Experience ◽  
Religious Belief ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Urgent Necessity

‘By their fruits ye shall know them, not by their roots.’ The Varieties of Religious Experience (1902) is William James’s classic survey of religious belief in its most personal, and often its most heterodox, aspects. Asking questions such as how we define evil to ourselves, the difference between a healthy and a divided mind, the value of saintly behaviour, and what animates and characterizes the mental landscape of sudden conversion, James’s masterpiece stands at a unique moment in the relationship between belief and culture. Faith in institutional religion and dogmatic theology was fading away, and the search for an authentic religion rooted in personality and subjectivity was a project conducted as an urgent necessity. With psychological insight, philosophical rigour, and a determination not to jump to the conclusion that in tracing religion’s mental causes we necessarily diminish its truth or value, in the Varieties James wrote a truly foundational text for modern belief. Matthew Bradley’s wide-ranging new edition examines the ideas that continue to fuel modern debates on atheism and faith.

scholarly journals The Relationship between Particulate Pollution Levels in Australian Cities, Meteorology, and Landscape Fire Activity Detected from MODIS Hotspots

PLoS ONE ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (10) ◽  
pp. e47327 ◽  
Author(s):  
Owen F. Price ◽  
Grant J. Williamson ◽  
Sarah B. Henderson ◽  
Fay Johnston ◽  
David M. J. S. Bowman
Keyword(s):  
Particulate Pollution ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Fire Activity ◽  
The Relationship

Investigating the relationship between lentil carbohydrate fractions and in vivo postprandial blood glucose response by use of the natural variation in starch fractions among 20 lentil varieties

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 3783-3791 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Dan Ramdath ◽  
Qiang Liu ◽  
Elizabeth Donner ◽  
Aileen Hawke ◽  
Danusha Kalinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Starch Content ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Response ◽  
Lower Blood Glucose ◽  
Blood Glucose Response ◽  
Lower Blood ◽  
The Relationship

Using human studies we confirm that lentils lower blood glucose response, which is correlated to the rapidly digestible starch and resistant starch content.

Features of using technology of project training to increase the interest of students studying biology

2020 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 172-181
Author(s):  
G. Baitasheva ◽  
◽  
А. Musina ◽  
A. Issayeva ◽  
Zh. Myrzabaeva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Group Work ◽  
Cell Biology ◽  
Use Of Technology ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Further Development

On the basis of the updated educational program were discussed issues of application of design technologies, in biology lessons in the section «Cell Biology» on the method of spiral training. Communication between parents, teachers and students is provided for in project technology. The point is that interest in the topic will increase by asking questions to parents. I was asked to voice my question, share my ideas through group work. The analysis of the works of these scientists is carried out and some stages of application are noted. In order to increase the interest of students studying the subject of biology, the specifics of the use of technology in project training are determined. In the field of biology are defined stages of work aimed at further development and consolidation of data on the topic «Cell Biology». The role of the teacher was shown. Highlighted the relationship of parents with children and friendship, communication in the classroom.

scholarly journals Diversity and Seasonal Impact ofAcanthamoebaSpecies in a Subtropical Rivershed

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Po-Min Kao ◽  
Ming-Yuan Chou ◽  
Chi-Wei Tao ◽  
Wen-Chien Huang ◽  
Bing-Mu Hsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Human Health Risk ◽  
Culture Method ◽  
Acanthamoeba Keratitis ◽  
Four Seasons ◽  
Seasonal Impact ◽  
Subtropical Monsoon Climate ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Risk Potential

This study evaluated the presence ofAcanthamoebaspecies in the Puzih River watershed, which features typical subtropical monsoon climate and is located just above the Tropic of Cancer in Taiwan. The relationship between the seasonal and geographical distributions ofAcanthamoebaspecies in this rivershed was also investigated.Acanthamoebaspecies were detected in water samples using the amoebal enrichment culture method and confirmed by PCR. A total of 136 water samples were included in this study, 16 (11.7%) of which containedAcanthamoebaspecies. Samples with the highest percentage ofAcanthamoeba(32.4%) were obtained during the summer season, mainly from upstream areas. The identified species in the four seasons includedAcanthamoeba palestinensis(T2),Acanthamoebasp. IS2/T4 (T4),Acanthamoeba lenticulata(T5),Acanthamoeba hatchetti(T11),Acanthamoeba healyi(T12), andAcanthamoeba jacobsi(T15). The most frequently identifiedAcanthamoebagenotype was T4 (68.7%).Acanthamoebagenotype T4 is responsible forAcanthamoeba keratitisand should be considered for associated human health risk potential in the rivershed.

Determination of Phthalate Acid Esters in Water and Sediment Samples by GC–MS

2012 ◽  
Vol 610-613 ◽  
pp. 157-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Shao ◽  
Yan Min Zou ◽  
Fu Xing Wang ◽  
Zhen Zhang ◽  
Song Mei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Yangtze River ◽  
Limit Of Detection ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
Pollution Levels ◽  
Acid Esters ◽  
Phthalate Acid Esters

Water and bottom sediment samples were taken from the Zhenjiang section of the lower reach of Yangtze River, China during the autumn of 2011, aimed to study the pollution levels of six kinds of phthalate acid esters (PAEs). Water samples were prepared by solid-phase extraction (SPE) and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS), with spiked recoveries ranging from 33.5% to 121.0%. Sediment samples were pretreated using ultrasonic-assisted organic solvent extraction, with recoveries varying from 43.7% to 107.6%. Results showed that the concentration levels of PAEs are below the limit of detection (LOD) –63.3μg/L in the water samples of Yangtze River. Tongji River water are severely contaminated by PAEs, with the concentrations of di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) up to 613ug/L. Four of PAEs were detected in the tap water of Zhenjiang. It was also found that all of detected PAEs are dominantly partitioned on suspended solids in water samples. The concentrations of PAEs in sediment samples are ranged from <LOD to 7.5mg/kg.

scholarly journals Artywistyczne praktyki mapowania przeciw kryzysom. W stronę miejskiej potencjalności

2020 ◽  
pp. 444-460
Author(s):  
Joanna Pankau
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
San Francisco Bay Area ◽  
Practical Consideration ◽  
Critical Cartography ◽  
Bay Area ◽  
Political Perceptions ◽  
Crisis Mapping ◽  
Asking Questions ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The article focuses on the artistic-activist practicies of mapping urban crises, asking about their critical and transformational potential. Artivistic mapping – combining artistic practices with a form of political activism – is recognized in context of extracting inequalities in monitoring crisis areas, as well as the city’s transformational capabilities. Looking at the involvement of artists and activists in mapping projects is combined with the question of the potential for anti-crisis action – shaping political perceptions and stimulating alternative practical responses to generated urban problems. The following issues are addressed: (1) counter-mapping and the relationship of artistic practices with critical cartography, (2) the development of activist mapping forms – maptivism and crisis mapping, and (3) references to the interests of new urban ontologies, in particular the on-epistemological dimension of urban mapping assemblage, binding issues of updating and the potential of cities. Mapping is recognized in the critical-activating dimension as a form of cognition oriented on creative experimentation and interference in existing reality. Because of this, it is an interesting and prolific area for practical consideration of the form of ‘engagement policy’ through ‘research of potentiality’. It is worth considering in what sense the practices of artistic and activist crisis mapping can be a “turning point” – opening “a window to new ways of seeing and imagining” (K. Dovey, M. Ristic). It is primarily a field for asking questions about transformational mapping possibilities – perceiving the city as a place of “radical potentiality” (C. McFarlane). In order to illustrate the problem more clearly, the last part of the work analyzes the anti-gentrification activities in the San Francisco Bay Area, in particular the mapping practices undertaken by Anti-Eviction Mapping Project.

scholarly journals Understanding conceptual text sand master in gconcepts

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.A. Zuckerman ◽  
N.A. Kleshch
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Primary Education ◽  
Conceptual Content ◽  
Verbal Form ◽  
Conceptual Thinking ◽  
New Concepts ◽  
Classical Statistics ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Self Learning

We address the issue of the relationship between conceptual thinking and understanding of conceptual texts only from the following angle: whether or not can working towards a profound understanding of texts that describe concepts promote the use of these concepts in unusual tasks. Employing the methods of classical statistics and factor analysis, we compare the metasubject outcomes of primary education in two samples of children that differ only in one teaching factor: the experimental classes were consistently working on creating and using conceptual texts. The principle of this teaching work was to establish a situation of bilingualism when introducing new concepts: to write down new characteristics of the studied subject in the language of graphical schemes and at the same time in verbal form and to translate sentences about this subject from one language into another. As it was revealed, this specially organized work with conceptual texts results in the following: (1) an increase in the level of mastery of learnt concepts if these concepts are presented in verbal form; (2) a better understanding of information texts with unfamiliar conceptual content, that is, one of the key elements in self-learning emerges.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document