Freeze concentration for enrichment of nutrients in yellow water from no-mix toilets

2004 ◽  
Vol 50 (6) ◽  
pp. 61-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Gulyas ◽  
P. Bruhn ◽  
M. Furmanska ◽  
K. Hartrampf ◽  
K. Kot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Mechanical Agitation ◽  
Stirred Vessel ◽  
Multistage Processes ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Ecological Sanitation ◽  
Water Transportation ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Water Constituents

Separately collected urine (“yellow water”) can be utilized as fertilizer. In order to decrease storage volumes and energy consumption for yellow water transport to fields, enrichment of nutrients in yellow water has to be considered. Laboratory-scale batch freeze concentration of yellow water has been tested in ice-front freezing apparatus: a stirred vessel and a falling film freeze concentrator (coolant temperatures: -6 to -16°C). With progressing enrichment of the liquid concentrate, the frozen ice was increasingly contaminated with yellow water constituents (ammonia, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, TOC, and salts determined as conductivity). The higher the initial salinity of the yellow water and the lower the mechanical agitation of the liquid phase contacting the growing ice front, the more the frozen ice was contaminated. The results indicate, that in ice-front freezing devices multistage processes are necessary, i.e. the melted ice phase has to be purified (and the concentrates must be further enriched) in a second or even in a third stage. Energy consumption of this process is very high. However, technical scale suspension freeze concentration is reasonable in centralized ecological sanitation schemes if the population exceeds 0.5 million and distance of yellow water transportation to fields is more than 80 km.

scholarly journals Performance of falling film plate evaporators in reconstructed multiple-effect evaporation station in sugar factory

2006 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 55-61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoltan Zavargo ◽  
Aleksandar Jokic ◽  
Bojana Prodanic ◽  
Jasna Grbic ◽  
Rada Jeftic-Mucibabic
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
European Union ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
General Trend ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
Energy Requirements ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Evaporation Process ◽  
Transfer Coefficients ◽  
Heat Transfer Coefficients

General trend of free trade in regional level as well as in the direction of European Union has motivated sugar factories located in Serbia to invest into technologies that are more efficient in order to make their products more competitive at the markets in Europe. The aim of this work was to evaluate effects of falling film plate evaporators on the energy consumption of evaporation plant, as well as to validate performance of this type of evaporators. It was found that this type of evaporator decreased energy requirements and in the same time evaporation process was more effective due to high values of heat transfer coefficients. .

Energy Consumption and Economic Analysis to Residential Building Meeting the Criterion of 65% Energy Saving in Zhangjiakou

2011 ◽  
Vol 225-226 ◽  
pp. 239-242 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Lei Ma ◽  
Jian Hui Niu
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Building Energy ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Design Standard ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Building Energy Saving ◽  
Saving Effect

An energy saving residential building in Zhangjiakou was took as research object, which was designed and constructed according to the criterion of 65% energy saving of the third stage, utilizing simulation software Dest, which was developed by Qinghua University, energy consumption simulation and economic analysis were done to the building. The results show that compared with the former residence which was built according to the non-energy saving design, the implementation of new design standard for building energy saving can not only achieve better energy saving effect, but also its payback period is short, so the new design standard for building energy saving is worth spreading.

scholarly journals Performance of Skim Goat Milk Mineral Content Subjected to the Block Freeze Concentration Process

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Maria Helena Machado Canella ◽  
Eulália Lopes da Silva Barros ◽  
Callebe Camelo-Silva ◽  
Silvani Verruck ◽  
Heitor Daguer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concentration Factor ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
Phosphorus Content ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Concentration Process ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Calcium Magnesium ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The aim of this study was to evaluate the goat milk mineral performance concentrated by block freeze concentration process. Twenty batches of skim goat milk, each one with one liter, were subjected until the third stage of the freeze concentration process. The initial skim goat milk, concentrated, and ice fractions obtained were analyzed by calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, sodium and potassium content. Results showed that phosphorus content not increased (P < 0.05) with the increase of freeze concentration stages, for concentrated and ice fractions. In the first stage of freeze concentration process, the magnesium element showed the higher (P < 0.05) efficiency (95%). However, the higher (P < 0.05) concentration factor was determinate to calcium element in the third stage of the process. Also, it was observed an increase in the minerals contents evaluated with the increasing of freeze concentration stages of skim goat milk. Based on results obtained in the present study, the skim goat milk concentrated obtained in the first stage showed the best performance of skim goat milk mineral content concentration.

Waste Water Reuse by Freeze Concentration with a Falling Film Reactor

1992 ◽  
Vol 26 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 1475-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Müller ◽  
I. Sekoulov
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water ◽  
Aqueous Phase ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Municipal Waste ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Freeze Concentration ◽  
Ice Films ◽  
Film Reactor ◽  
Inorganic Solutes

Experiments with a falling film reactor were conducted to examine the potential of the freeze concentration to reuse municipal waste water. The waste water was recycled in the falling film reactor while ice films were frozen on the cooled inner walls. Pure water was removed from the solution by crystallization, and the liquor was concentrated. Finally, the separated clear ice was melted. Various parameters such as conduction, TOC, COD and NH4-N of the melted ice and waste water concentrate were measured. A clearance efficiency up to 99% was observed for municipal waste water and 91% for high concentrated waste water. In addition, particulate solutions were removed from the aqueous phase as efficiently as the organic and inorganic solutes.

Progressive freeze concentration of orange juice in a pilot plant falling film

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 644-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Sánchez ◽  
Y. Ruiz ◽  
M. Raventós ◽  
J.M. Auleda ◽  
E. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Orange Juice ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Freeze Concentration

scholarly journals Determining heat losses in university educational premises and developing an algorithm for implementing energy-saving measures

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (8 (114)) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marina Savchenko-Pererva ◽  
Oleg Radchuk ◽  
Ludmila Rozhkova ◽  
Hanna Barsukova ◽  
Oleksandr Savoiskyi
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Heat Losses ◽  
Thermal Imager ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Preparatory Stage ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

This paper gives examples of the implementation of energy-saving measures in public premises. The introduction of energy-saving measures at enterprises significantly reduces the fixed component of industrial expenditures. As a rule, educational institutions, for example, public premises, are financed from the state budget, and saving money on utilities will enable redirecting finances to the development of the university’s educational and scientific base. Thus, the main purpose of implementing such measures is to reduce the cost of maintaining buildings. The measures are divided into three stages. At the first preparatory stage, the problem elements of a building and communications, which require the introduction of energy-saving measures using a special Fluke Ti25 device, are identified. Problem elements of the building structure were determined by complete scanning of the ceiling, walls, and floor with the help of a thermal imager. A large (more than 10 %) difference between indoor air temperature and the temperature of the building element indicates a problem element. The research method is thermographic. The study contains an example of scanning the wall of the premises. The temperature difference between the left and the right sides of the wall is 2.6 °C (the difference with the room temperature is 21 %). This indicates significant heat losses through the wall. At the second stage of information processing, measures to reduce energy consumption were determined. At the third stage of the introduction of energy-saving measures, the measures that directly affect the energy consumption of a building and effective functioning of communications were implemented. The practical relevance of the study is to obtain results and practical recommendations that can be applied in practice to improve the energy efficiency of premises and buildings.

Behaviour of falling-film freeze concentration of coffee extract

2014 ◽  
Vol 141 ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
F.L. Moreno ◽  
M. Raventós ◽  
E. Hernández ◽  
Y. Ruiz
Keyword(s):  
Falling Film ◽  
Freeze Concentration

Failure Analysis of Gas Turbine in the Energy Recovery System of FCC Unit

2012 ◽  
Vol 550-553 ◽  
pp. 3188-3193
Author(s):  
Yan Jie Ma
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cyclone Separator ◽  
Safe Operation ◽  
Recovery System ◽  
Third Stage ◽  
Cracking Process

Gas turbine is the important energy recovery device in the crude oil catalytic cracking process, the operation of the gas turbine, not only related to the energy consumption level of the device, the energy consumption size of the electric power resource, but also related to the safe operation of the whole set, it can guarantee the steady producing of whole catalytic cracking unit. By using isokinetic sampling method, this study evaluates the separation properties of the third stage cyclone separator and found that the high concentrion and particles which is larger than 10 micrometre cause the failure of gas turbine.

Effect of falling-film freeze concentration on bioactive compounds in aqueous coffee extract

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. e12606 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lady J. Correa ◽  
Ruth Y. Ruiz ◽  
Fabian L. Moreno
Keyword(s):  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Falling Film ◽  
Freeze Concentration
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