Comparison of total and faecal coliforms as faecal indicator in eutrophicated surface water

2006 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.E. Park ◽  
T.S. Ahn ◽  
H.J. Lee ◽  
Y.O. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Aeromonas Hydrophila ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Pollution Monitoring ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Temperate Region ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution

The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of total coliforms (TC) and faecal coliforms (FC) using a membrane filtration method for precise monitoring of faecal pollution in Korean surface water. The samples were collected in Korea from both main rivers and their tributaries. Presumptive TC · FC were enumerated. The ratios of presumptive FC to TC were not constant, but varied widely, and TC were difficult to enumerate because of overgrowth by background colonies. For FC this was not the case. Seven hundred and three purified strains of presumptive TC · FC and their background colonies were biotyped using API 20E. Among 272 presumptive TC, non-faecal related species, Aeromonas hydrophila dominated (34.6%) and E. coli accounted for only 5.1%. In contrast, E. coli made up 89% of the 209 presumptive FC. Furthermore, of 164 background colonies on Endo Agar LES, 54.9% was A. hydrophila, while background colonies on m-FC Agar were few (58 strains), and despite their atypical colony appearance, most of them were biotyped as enteric bacteria. These results reveal that the detection of FC rather than TC using m-FC Agar is more appropriate for faecal pollution monitoring in eutrophicated surface water located in a temperate region.

scholarly journals Assessment of faecal contamination in selected concrete and earthen ponds stocked with Clarias gariepinus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
ADEWALE OLUWASOGO OLALEMI ◽  
OLUWABUSAYOMI MARY OLUYEMI ◽  
MICHAEL TOSIN BAYODE
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Earthen Ponds ◽  
Concrete Pond

Abstract Background This study was carried out to monitor the levels of faecal pollution markers in catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and their growing waters in selected earthen and concrete ponds. Water and catfish samples were collected weekly in the months of February, March, April, May, June and July, 2019. The concentrations of enteric bacteria in the water and catfish samples were determined using membrane filtration and pour plate methods, respectively. The rate of bioaccumulation of faecal indicator bacteria was obtained by dividing the log concentration of each organism in catfish by the corresponding log concentration in the growing waters. Result The concentration of faecal coliforms in catfish samples from concrete and earthen ponds ranged from 1.41 to 2.28 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.3 to 2.47 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively and in growing waters from the concrete and earthen ponds; 1.43 to 2.41 log10 CFU/100 ml and 1.50 to 2.80 log10 CFU/100 ml respectively. Faecal coliforms exhibited positive relationships with alkalinity in water samples from the earthen (r = 0.61) and concrete ponds (r = 0.62). Salmonella and faecal coliforms had the highest and least bioaccumulation in catfish raised in earthen pond, respectively, whereas Salmonella and enterococci had the highest and least bioaccumulation in catfish raised in concrete pond, respectively. Faecal coliforms and E. coli had the highest and least counts in water samples from the earthen pond during the dry and wet months, Salmonella and E. coli had the highest and least counts in water samples from the concrete pond during the dry and wet months. Conclusion There were high levels of bacterial faecal pollution markers in water and C. gariepinus from the earthen and concrete ponds. Physicochemical characteristics of the water and seasonality played major roles in the rate of bioaccumulation of the faecal pollution markers in C. gariepinus raised in the earthen and concrete ponds.

An Improved Membrane Filtration Method for Enumeration of Faecal Coliforms and E. Coli by a Fluorogenic β-Glucuronidase Assay

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 267-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. T. Augoustinos ◽  
N. A. Grabow ◽  
B. Genthe ◽  
R. Kfir
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pure Cultures ◽  
Glucuronidase Assay

A fluorogenic β-glucuronidase assay comprising membrane filtration followed by selective enumeration on m-FC agar at 44.5°C and further confirmation using tlie 4-metliylumbelliferyl-β-D-glucuronide (MUG) containing medium was evaluated for the detection of Escherichia coli in water. A total of 200 typical blue and non-typical blue colonies were isolated from sea and fresh water samples using initial selective enumeration on m-FC agar. Pure cultures of the selected colonies were further tested using the MUG assay and identified using the API 20E method. Of the colonies tested which were shown to be positive using the MUG assay 99.4% were Escherichia coli. The results of this study indicate the combination of the m-FC method followed by the MUG assay to be highly efficient for the selection and confirmation of E. coli from a wide range of environmental waters.

scholarly journals Comparative hazard evaluation of enteric bacteria in two surface water sources in Akure, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 826-839
Author(s):  
A. O. Olalemi ◽  
O. M. Ige ◽  
O. T. Oladejo ◽  
O. R. Yusuf ◽  
B. Akinmolayan
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hazard Evaluation ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Faecal Pollution

Abstract This study was carried out to determine the level of enteric bacteria in two surface water sources (river and stream) commonly used for domestic, recreational and agricultural purposes in Akure, Nigeria. This is to gain a better understanding of the level of faecal pollution of the water sources and the potential health risks associated with usage of the waters for human activities. Water samples were collected from the river and the stream from May to September, 2019 (n = 24). The concentration of enteric bacteria in the water samples was determined using the membrane filtration technique, while the physicochemical characteristics of the water samples were determined using the standard method. Results revealed that the concentration of Escherichia coli ranged from 3.00 to 4.78 log10 cfu/100ml and 3.48 to 5.75 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively; Bifidobacterium ranged from 4.18 to 5.00 log10 cfu/100ml and 3.87 to 4.66 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively; Salmonella ranged from 3.30 to 4.30 log10 cfu/100ml and 2.60 to 4.32 log10 cfu/100ml in water samples from the river and stream respectively. Water temperature ranged from 22.1 to 28.5 °C and 23.64 to 25.56 °C in the river and stream respectively; turbidity ranged from 12.28 to 29.11 NTU and 17.07 to 61.80 NTU in the river and stream respectively. Spearman's rank correlation showed that Salmonella had positive relationship with temperature (r = 0.556) in water samples from the stream whereas Bifidobacterium exhibited a positive relationship with dissolved oxygen (r = 0.557) in water samples from the river. While the stream appeared to have a higher turbidity than the river, the level of enteric bacteria in the river was higher than that in the stream. Based on microbiological water quality categories, the findings from this study demonstrated that the level of enteric bacteria in the river and stream suggests strong faecal pollution that may pose potential risks of diarrheal diseases to humans. Water from these two surface water sources must be treated before use in order to protect human health.

Use of gene probes for the detection of quiescent enteric bacteria in marine and fresh waters

1995 ◽  
Vol 31 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 291-298
Author(s):  
Sally A. Anderson ◽  
Gillian D. Lewis ◽  
Michael N. Pearson
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Probe Method ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
23S Rrna ◽  
Specific Gene ◽  
Gene Probe ◽  
Selective Media ◽  
Selective Enrichment ◽  
E Coli

Specific gene probe detection methods that utilise a non-selective culturing step were tested for the ability to recognise the presence of quiescent enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis ) within illuminated freshwater and seawater microcosms. An E. coli specific uidA gene probe and a 23S rRNA oligonucleotide probe for Enterococci were compared with recoveries using membrane filtration and incubation on selective media (mTEC and mE respectively). From these microcosm experiments a greater initial detection (from 4 hours to 1 day) of E. coli and Ent. faecalis using gene probe methods was observed. Additionally, a comparison of E. coli direct viable counts (DVC) in sunlight exposed microcosms with recoveries by selective media and gene probe methods revealed a large number of viable non-culturable cells. This suggests that enumeration of E. coli by a gene probe method is limited by the replication of the bacteria during the initial non-selective enrichment step. The detection of stressed Ent. faecalis by the oligonucleotide gene probe method was significantly greater than recovery on selective mE agar, indicating an Enterococci non-growth phase.

scholarly journals Methods for enumeratingEscherichia coliin subtropical waters

1991 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 345-354 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. H. S. Cheung ◽  
D. K. K. Ha ◽  
K. Y. Yeung ◽  
R. P. S. Hung
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Environmental Waters ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Bacterial Indicator ◽  
Urease Test ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Mls Method

SUMMARYThe standard membrane filtration method of the UK has been modified in order to improve its specificity for enumeratingEscherichia coliin the subtropical waters of Hong Kong. This involves incorporating into the membrane lauryl sulphate (mLS) method either anin situurease test (the mLS-UA method), or anin situβ-glucuronidase test (the mLS-GUD method). The false-positive errors of the mLS-UA and mLS-GUD methods are low, ranging from 3–5%. A comparison between the membrane filtration (mLS-UA) method and the multiple tube technique in testingE. coliin subtropical beach-waters has demonstrated that the former can give much more precise counts, and is the method of choice for such a purpose. The mLS-GUD method, for which automated counting ofE. colicolonies is possible, is a good alternative to mLS-UA in routine enumeration of this bacterial indicator in environmental waters.

Evaluation of escherichia coli as the main indicator of faecal pollution

1997 ◽  
Vol 35 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 333-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Baudišová
Keyword(s):  
Point Sources ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Summer Period ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Sources Of Pollution ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Faecal Bacteria ◽  
Significant Point

The paper presented supports E. coli assessment as a major indicator of faecal pollution. Its assessment brings advantages when compared with assessment of total coliforms and faecal coliforms because (a) E. coli survives in river water for shorter period than other coliforms and faecal coliforms and (b) its occurrence in a stream (in an area without any significant point sources of pollution), in particular when compared with total coliforms, is more stable. Significant differences appear especially in the summer period when the elevated temperature allows development of non-faecal bacteria.

scholarly journals A medium for the rapid enumeration of Escherichia coli in the presence of other faecal coliforms in tropical waters

1982 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 265-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Rapid Assessment ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Rapid Enumeration ◽  
Selective Membrane ◽  
Filtration Medium ◽  
Tube Dilution

SummaryA selective membrane filtration medium is described for use in the rapid assessment of water quality in tropical countries where the incidence of faecal coliforms other than E. coli presents problems in the interpretation of results. The medium gives comparable results to MPN values obtained in the multiple tube dilution test using modified Gray's glutamate medium, and to membrane filtration counts obtained using M-FC broth and membrane-enriched Teepol broth, whilst differentiation of E. coli is enhanced.

Bifidobacterial survival in surface water and implications for microbial source tracking

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (6) ◽  
pp. 642-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jakob R. Ottoson
Keyword(s):  
Surface Water ◽  
Screening Tool ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Source Tracking ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Faecal Coliforms ◽  
Sewage Pollution ◽  
Faecal Pollution ◽  
Log Linear ◽  
Linear Manner

Bifidobacteria are common in the intestines of humans and other animals. Sorbitol-fermenting Bifidobacteria (SFB) are associated with human faecal pollution. The ratio of total Bifidobacteria (TB) to SFB has been proposed to be a means for determining the source (human or animal) of faecal pollution. In this study, SFB were detected in all sewage samples (n = 39) and in 42% of samples of animal origin (n = 24): pig (5/6 positive), poultry (4/8), horse (1/4), and cow (0/6). The TB:SFB ratio was significantly higher in animal samples than in sewage samples (p < 0.01), with the exception of stored poultry manure, which had ratios (1.4–11) similar to the sewage samples (1–17). The lowest ratio in the other animal samples was 40 (pig). The TB:SFB ratio in sewage remained stable over time in surface water, and it may be a useful screening tool to determine the source of faecal pollution in surface water. Bifidobacteria died off in a log linear manner at 4 and 22 °C, with rates of disappearance of 0.16 and 0.58 log(days–1), respectively. Faecal coliforms (FC) disappeared more slowly (0.09 and 0.43 log(days–1), respectively). The FC:SFB ratio proved to be an inadequate tool for determining the age of sewage pollution.

Antimicrobial Resistance and Genetic Profiling of Escherichia coli from a Commercial Beef Packing Plant†

2006 ◽  
Vol 69 (7) ◽  
pp. 1508-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
MUEEN ASLAM ◽  
CARA SERVICE
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Random Amplified Polymorphic Dna ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Processing

The objective of this study was to investigate the extent of antimicrobial resistance and to genetically characterize resistant Escherichia coli recovered from a commercial beef packing plant. E. coli isolates were recovered by a hydrophobic grid membrane filtration method by direct plating on SD-39 medium. A total of 284 isolates comprising 71, 36, 55, 52, and 70 isolates from animal hides, washed carcasses, conveyers, beef trimmings, and ground beef, respectively, were analyzed. The susceptibility of E. coli isolates to 15 antimicrobial agents was evaluated with an automated broth microdilution system, and the genetic characterization of these isolates was performed by the random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) method. Of the 284 E. coli isolates, 56% were sensitive to all 15 antimicrobial agents. Resistance to tetracycline, ampicillin, and streptomycin was observed in 38, 9, and 6% of the isolates, respectively. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 51% of the E. coli isolates recovered from the hides but in only 25% of the E. coli from the washed carcasses. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial agents was observed in 49, 50, and 37% of the isolates recovered from conveyers, beef trimmings, and ground beef, respectively. The RAPD pattern data showed that the majority of resistant E. coli isolates were genetically diverse. Only a few RAPD types of resistant strains were shared among various sample sources. The results of this study suggest that antimicrobial-resistant E. coli isolates were prevalent during all stages of commercial beef processing and that considerably higher numbers of resistant E. coli were present on conveyers, beef trimmings, and ground beef than on dressed carcasses. This stresses the need for improving hygienic conditions during all stages of commercial beef processing and meatpacking to avoid the risks of transfer of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria to humans.

scholarly journals PERSISTENCE OF TOTAL AND FECAL COLIFORMS AND Pseudomonas aeruginosa IN IN NATURA WATER SAMPLES FROM RIVERS THAT SUPPLY A WATER TREATMENT STATION IN CURITIBA, BRAZIL

2008 ◽  
Vol 30 (70/72) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mônica Paul Freitas ◽  
Marita Maciel Moreira Laskowski ◽  
Carlos Roberto Dalke ◽  
Patricia do Rocio Dalzoto ◽  
Ida Chapaval Pimentel
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Membrane Filtration ◽  
Survival Rates ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Filtration Method ◽  
Total Coliforms ◽  
Water Treatment Station ◽  
Iguaçu River

An unknown parcel of the planet water is contaminated by chemical and/or biological agents. Human and other animals excreta have been associated to many infectious diseases that can be disseminated through contaminated water. Enteric bacteria and other pathogens can cause gastroenteritis, cholera, systemic infections, among others. Once in the environment, these microorganisms can persist for large periods of time and under certain conditions can even replicate, increasing their number. This paper aimed the research and evaluation of survival rates for total coliforms, fecal coliforms (Escherichia coli) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in natura water samples from Passaúna and Iraí barrages and Iguaçú River, in Curitiba, Paraná. Colimetric analysis of water samples were performed by the membrane filtration method 64 Freitas MP, Blaskowski MMM, Dalke CR, Dalzoto PR, Pimentel IC. Estud and P. aeruginosa research was assayed using the multiple tubes method in Asparagin and Acetamyde Broth. Confirmatory tests such as catalase presence, citocrome oxidase test and pigment P (pyocyanin) production were also performed. It was observed the occurrence of total coliforms in water samples from Iguaçú River for approximately 50 days, while in Iraí and Passaúna barrages, the periods were 35 and 14 days, respectively. Fecal coliforms were found for about 35 days in samples from Iguaçú River and Iraí barrage, while in Passaúna barrage only for 14 days. P. aeruginosa persisted for approximately 63 days in all the water samples assayed. The higher persistence rate observed in P. aeruginosa can be related to an antagonism towards total and fecal coliforms, which had their populations decreased.

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