Experiences and suggestions for collection systems for source-separated urine and faeces

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 71-76 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Jönsson ◽  
B. Vinnerås
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Urine Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Urine Diversion ◽  
Piping Systems ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Improved Function ◽  
Soda Solution

This study collects experiences from existing systems with urine diversion and dry handling of faecal matter and presents design recommendations for improved function of new systems. Urine collection and piping systems were studied in four large residential areas in Scandinavia and South Africa where urine had been collected separately for 5–9 years and dry faeces collected for 4–15 years. We found that larger (>1 toilet) urine collection systems should have odour traps. Blockages in u-bend odour traps can be efficiently prevented by cleaning the u-bend 1–4 times per year with a sewage auger, caustic soda solution or strong acetic acid. A urine pipe diameter of 75 mm and a gradient of at least 1% are recommended. In small systems without a u-bend, a diameter of 25 mm can be used in combination with a gradient of at least 4%. For faecal collection, the most important factors for good function and high acceptability of the system are diversion of the urine, small collection bins (high emptying frequency) and easy access for emptying of bins.

scholarly journals Collecting Small-Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Poland—How Can Containers Help in Disposal of E-Waste by Individuals?

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (22) ◽  
pp. 12422
Author(s):  
Piotr Nowakowski ◽  
Sandra Kuśnierz ◽  
Julia Płoszaj ◽  
Patrycja Sosna
Keyword(s):  
Waste Disposal ◽  
Electronic Waste ◽  
Electronic Equipment ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Waste Collection ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Support Design ◽  
Location Selection ◽  
Information Campaigns ◽  
Waste Container

The effectiveness of e-waste collection depends on organizational and social factors. Individuals should have easy access to collection points and be aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. This article investigates the availability, usability, and occurring irregularities of the container collection of small-waste electrical and electronic equipment. The study explores the attitude and behavior of individuals when disposing of small-waste equipment in the South of Poland. The results show that ninety-five percent of supermarkets’ managers responsible for waste management find a growing interest in the disposal of small e-waste by individuals. An increasing number of collection containers encourages residents to dispose of small-waste appliances. More than eighty-three percent of respondents are aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. Additional information campaigns addressed to residents are required to prevent mixing electrical and electronic waste with other waste and to encourage the disposal of small e-waste. The intention to dispose of small e-waste was declared by only thirty-two percent of respondents. Containers with discarded easy breakable items, such as lamps, should be removed more frequently. The collection containers’ noticeability is evaluated by individuals as of average difficulty. The containers in supermarkets have simple designs and labels indicating the category of waste for disposal. The containers installed in residential areas have attractive designs and advertising slogans. The individuals expect the containers should be available in more locations that are easily accessible from households. The results of this study should be helpful for local authorities, waste collection companies, and waste electrical and electronic organizations, to support design, location selection, and information campaigns for small e-waste container collections.

Low-income resident’s preferences for the location of wind turbine farms in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa

2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 10-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Hosking ◽  
Mario Du Preez ◽  
Gary Sharp
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Wind Farm ◽  
Eastern Cape ◽  
Renewable Energy Resources ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Choice Modelling ◽  
Development Scenarios ◽  
Local Municipality ◽  
Wind Energy Development

There is a general consensus that South Africa should be generating more power through harnessing renewable energy resources, such as wind power. However, there is no consensus with regard to the location of such generating projects. This paper describes a wind farm project proposed for development in the Kouga Local Municipality, reports low-income local residents’ preferences on its nature and applies choice modelling to analyse these preferences. A questionnaire was presented to each respondent, the discrete choice experiment component of the questionnaire included two different onshore wind energy development scenarios and a status quo option. The scenarios differed by the combination of four elements: the distance of the wind turbines from residential areas, job creation, the number of turbines and a subsidy allocated to each household.

New arthrodires (placoderm fishes) from the Aztec Siltstone (late Middle Devonian) of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica

2014 ◽  
Vol 62 (1) ◽  
pp. 44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin C. Young ◽  
John A. Long
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
New Taxa ◽  
Middle Devonian ◽  
Late Devonian ◽  
Dorsal Plate ◽  
Victoria Land ◽  
Small Collection ◽  
Vertebrate Assemblage ◽  
Devonian Age

A small collection of arthrodire remains is described from the Devonian Aztec Siltstone of southern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Barwickosteus antarcticus, gen. et sp. nov., is a small phlyctaeniid arthrodire probably closely related to Barrydalaspis from the Bokkeveld Group of South Africa. Grifftaylor antarcticus, gen. et sp. nov., is a generalised phlyctaeniid resembling Phlyctaenius and Neophlyctaenius. New specimens of Boomeraspis show that it had a high-spired trunk-armour with a median dorsal plate of similar proportions to Tiaraspis, Mithakaspis, Turrisaspis or Africanaspis. Other fragmentary median dorsal plates are provisionally referred to Turrisaspis and Mulgaspis. With these new taxa the vertebrate assemblage from the Aztec Siltstone comprises at least 37 genera and 50 species, making it one of the most diverse of Middle–Late Devonian age.

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