Collecting Small-Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment in Poland—How Can Containers Help in Disposal of E-Waste by Individuals?

The effectiveness of e-waste collection depends on organizational and social factors. Individuals should have easy access to collection points and be aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. This article investigates the availability, usability, and occurring irregularities of the container collection of small-waste electrical and electronic equipment. The study explores the attitude and behavior of individuals when disposing of small-waste equipment in the South of Poland. The results show that ninety-five percent of supermarkets’ managers responsible for waste management find a growing interest in the disposal of small e-waste by individuals. An increasing number of collection containers encourages residents to dispose of small-waste appliances. More than eighty-three percent of respondents are aware of proper methods of e-waste disposal. Additional information campaigns addressed to residents are required to prevent mixing electrical and electronic waste with other waste and to encourage the disposal of small e-waste. The intention to dispose of small e-waste was declared by only thirty-two percent of respondents. Containers with discarded easy breakable items, such as lamps, should be removed more frequently. The collection containers’ noticeability is evaluated by individuals as of average difficulty. The containers in supermarkets have simple designs and labels indicating the category of waste for disposal. The containers installed in residential areas have attractive designs and advertising slogans. The individuals expect the containers should be available in more locations that are easily accessible from households. The results of this study should be helpful for local authorities, waste collection companies, and waste electrical and electronic organizations, to support design, location selection, and information campaigns for small e-waste container collections.

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AUTOMATED WASTE COLLECTION CONTAINER LID OPENER PROTOTYPE WITH DISINFECTANT SPRAYER AS PART OF NOSOCOMIAL INFECTION PREVENTION

SANITAS : Jurnal Teknologi dan Seni Kesehatan ◽

10.36525/sanitas.2021.1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 1-14

Author(s):

Fatahah Dwi Ridhani

Keyword(s):

Nosocomial Infection ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Physical Contact ◽

Status Report ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Waste Container ◽

Remaining Capacity ◽

Opening And Closing ◽

Passive Infrared

Nosocomial infection is a health issues related to the in-hospital activities. One of the indirect cause was the contamination related to the waste disposal activity. All hospital waste was deemed hazardous that it needs extra care during collection. Cross contamination may arises when the waste containers was not treated. To alleviate the problem and to promote healthy habits, this article describe a smart disinfectant sprayed waste collection container and its status reports. By automating the lid opening and closing that was triggered by human proximities using passive infrared detector and ultrasound sensor, it provide convenience in waste disposal. This also prevent cross contamination related with physical contact with the waste container which may induce the nosocomial infection. The container also tracking its remained waste capacity and will report when it was almost full to prevent overflowed and to alarmed for immediate waste pickup. In case of delayed container collection, the lids will remain closed and the light indicator turn to red. The indicator will turn green in normal conditions and turn yellow if the container was almost full. ESP32 was used to interface with ultrasound sensors to approximate the container remaining capacity. Passive infrared sensor and a servo motor was linked to actuates the lid opening and closing. Some disinfectant was sprayed for every detected increase in waste level. The disinfectant aerosol canister was pushed by a DC motor. For reporting, the systems was equipped with LoRa for status report. This systems was tested inside Poltekkes Kemenkes Jakarta II building and could reach at least 80m distance from the report center for reporting.

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PERCEPÇÃO DE ESTUDANTES E SERVIDORES DO IF BAIANO - CAMPUS GOVERNADOR MANGABEIRA SOBRE A DESTINAÇÃO DO LIXO

Revista Macambira ◽

10.35642/rm.v4i2.485 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

pp. e042007

Author(s):

Marília Dantas e Silva ◽

Sirleide Da Silva Conceição ◽

Emylle De Araújo Dias

Keyword(s):

Environmental Education ◽

Waste Disposal ◽

Education Program ◽

Garbage Collection ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Campus Community ◽

Waste Collection ◽

The Common ◽

Excessive Load ◽

Selective Collection

Dentre os diversos problemas ambientais mundiais, a questão do lixo é uma das mais preocupantes. Uma das alternativas para reduzir a carga excessiva de lixo produzido e ainda colaborar para a sustentabilidade urbana é a implantação da coleta seletiva de resíduos recicláveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a percepção de estudantes e servidores do campus do IF Baiano de Governador Mangabeira-Ba, sobre a problemática do lixo comum e eletrônico, e implementar um Programa de Educação Ambiental voltado para coleta seletiva de lixo no local. Entre novembro/2015 e fevereiro/2016 foram aplicados questionários e, no total, 104 pessoas foram entrevistadas. Em janeiro de 2016 as ações voltadas para a implementação do Programa de Educação Ambiental (PEA) foram iniciadas, com a instalação de lixeiras, distribuição de cartazes e realização de palestras nas salas de aula, para sensibilização da comunidade. Cerca 80% dos estudantes e 52,3% dos servidores informaram que não realizam coleta seletiva, não reciclam nem reutilizam o lixo de suas residências. 95% dos estudantes e 81,1% dos servidores afirmaram que não existem pontos de coleta de e-lixo nas suas cidades. Foi possível verificar que a comunidade do campus tem consciência sobre a importância da coleta seletiva, da reciclagem e reutilização do lixo comum e eletrônico. No entanto, a grande maioria não realiza a coleta seletiva em suas casas, e isso se deve principalmente pela falta de locais para a destinação do lixo nos municípios em que residem. Abstract Among the environmental problems worldwide, the garbage issue is one of the most worrying. One of the alternatives to reduce the excessive load of waste produced and contribute to urban sustainability is the implementation of selective recyclable waste collection. This study aimed to analyze the perception of students and civil servants from IF Baiano, campus Governador Mangabeira-Ba, on the common and electronic waste issue. It also intended to implement an Environmental Education Program aiming at selective local garbage collection. From November/ 2015 to February/2016, we interviewed 104 people by applying some questionnaires. In January 2016, actions aimed at implementing the Environmental Education Program (PEA) were initiated, with the installation of trash bins, distribution of posters and lectures in the classrooms, to raise awareness in the community. Approximately 80% of students and 52.3% of employees reported that they do not carry out selective collection, do not recycle or reuse the garbage in their homes. 95% of students and 81.1% of servers stated that there are no e-waste collection points in their cities. It was observed that the campus community is aware of the importance of selective collection, recycling and reuse of common and electronic waste. However, most of the survey panel do not carry out selective collection in their homes due to the lack of appropriate waste disposal places in the communities they live. Keywords: Solid waste, Environmental education, Selective collect.

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Extended Maximal Covering Location and Vehicle Routing Problems in Designing Smartphone Waste Collection Channels: A Case Study of Yogyakarta Province, Indonesia

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13168896 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (16) ◽

pp. 8896

Author(s):

Diana Puspita Sari ◽

Nur Aini Masruroh ◽

Anna Maria Asih

Keyword(s):

Tabu Search ◽

Nearest Neighbor ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Disposal Site ◽

Easy Access ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Maximal Covering ◽

Starting Point ◽

Study Results ◽

Transportation Routes

Most people will store smartphone waste or give it to others; this is due to inadequate waste collection facilities in all cities/regencies in Indonesia. In Yogyakarta Province, there is no electronic waste collection facility. Therefore, an e-waste collection network is needed to cover all potential e-waste in the province of Yogyakarta. This study aims to design a collection network to provide easy access to facilities for smartphone users, which includes the number and location of each collection center and the route of transporting smartphone waste to the final disposal site. We proposed an extended maximal covering location problem to determine the number and location of collection centers. Nearest neighbor and tabu search are used in forming transportation routes. The nearest neighbor is used for initial solution search, and tabu search is used for final solution search. The study results indicate that to facilitate all potential smartphone waste with a maximum distance of 11.2 km, the number of collection centers that must be established is 30 units with three pick-up routes. This research is the starting point of the smartphone waste management process, with further study needed for sorting, recycling, repairing, or remanufacturing after the waste has been collected.

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PREDICTION OF ELECTRONIC WASTE DISPOSALS FROM RESIDENTIAL AREAS IN MALAYSIA

Jurnal Teknologi ◽

10.11113/jt.v74.4826 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 74 (10) ◽

Author(s):

Norazli Othman ◽

Roslina Mohammad ◽

Samira Albati Kamaruddin

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Low Income ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Electronic Equipment ◽

Residential Areas ◽

Management Options ◽

Rural And Urban Areas ◽

Rural And Urban ◽

Disposal Option

The most fundamental element in planning electronic waste management is to acquire reliable data on the total volume of electronic waste generated from various sources such as residential premises, commercial buildings and industrial areas. Hence, a crucial aspect of electronic waste management is to predict the accumulation of electronic wastes in the future. This study aims to predict electronic waste to be disposed of for the next 15 years, focusing only on electronic waste from residential areas. A few rural and urban areas of residential premises were randomly selected as a case study. The result for this study was deduced from the survey and interviews conducted in the vicinity of the study area. Thirty sets of questionnaire were distributed randomly at each selected area. The residential area was divided into three categories i.e. residents with low income (LI), residents with medium income (MI) and residents with high income (HI). The survey was done by distributing the questionnaire to investigate electronic equipment usage and its lifespan by users as well as the waste management option preferred by the residents. The findings of the study showed that approximately 51% of the generated electronic waste will go through four stages of waste management options i.e. reuse, repair, remanufacturing and recycling, while approximately 49% of the generated electronic waste will go through the disposal option i.e. landfill sites. The result of the study showed that the predicted lifespan for the electronic equipment used by residents in Malaysia is between the ranges of 0-15 years. On average, as much as 5% of used home electronic equipment will be disposed of after 6 years of usage, 41% after 9 years and 3% after 12 years. From the study, the information regarding the percentage of electronic waste that will be reused, repaired, remanufactured, recycled and disposed of for the next 15 years can be gained and is presented via scientific analysis.

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Electrical and Electronic Equipment Waste Management Problems

Ecology and Industry of Russia ◽

10.18412/1816-0395-2020-6-60-66 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 24 (6) ◽

pp. 60-66

Author(s):

A.A. Fayustov ◽

P.M. Gureev

Keyword(s):

Waste Disposal ◽

Russian Federation ◽

Sharp Increase ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Electronic Equipment ◽

Actual Situation ◽

Regulatory Documents ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Practical Recommendations ◽

The Eu

The article discusses the consequences of the development of the economy, processes and services, expressed in a sharp increase in the number of operating electronic equipment, which directly leads to an increase in the generated volumes of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) and the problems of their disposal. Various types of electronic equipment containing substances that constitute a serious threat to the ecology and human health, especially with improper disposal, are analyzed. The existing foreign and domestic experience in the field of electronic waste disposal is considered. The system of recycling electronic waste adopted in the EU countries and regulatory documents operating abroad and in the Russian Federation was studied. Practical recommendations are proposed for creating a real WEEE management system taking into account the actual situation in Russia and world experience in this area.

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The Emerging Environmental and Public Health Problem of Electronic Waste in India

Journal of Health and Pollution ◽

10.5696/2156-9614-7.15.1 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (15) ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Veenu Joon ◽

Renu Shahrawat ◽

Meena Kapahi

Keyword(s):

Waste Disposal ◽

Management Practices ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Developed Countries ◽

Electronic Equipment ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

Competing Interests ◽

Production And Consumption ◽

Strict Enforcement

Background. Monumental progress has been made in the area of information and communication technology, leading to a tremendous increase in use of electronic equipment, especially computers and mobile phones. The expansion of production and consumption of electronic equipment along with its shorter life span has led to the generation of tremendous amounts of electronic waste (e-waste). In addition, there is a high level of trans-boundary movement of these devices as second-hand electronic equipment from developed countries, in the name of bridging the digital gap. Objectives. This paper reviews e-waste produced in India, its sources, composition, current management practices and their environmental and health implications. Fixing responsibility for waste disposal on producers, establishment of formal recycling facilities, and strict enforcement of legislation on e-waste are some of the options to address this rapidly growing problem. Discussion. The exponential growth in production and consumption of electronic equipment has resulted in a surge of e-waste generation. Many electronic items contain hazardous substances including lead, mercury and cadmium. Informal recycling or disposing of such items pose serious threat to human health and the environment. Conclusions. Strict enforcement of waste disposal laws are needed along with the implementation of health assessment studies to mitigate inappropriate management of end-of-life electronic wastes in developing countries. Competing Interests. The authors declare no financial competing interests.

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Estimating Recycling Return of Integrated Circuits Using Computer Vision on Printed Circuit Boards

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11062808 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 2808

Author(s):

Leandro H. de S. Silva ◽

Agostinho A. F. Júnior ◽

George O. A. Azevedo ◽

Sergio C. Oliveira ◽

Bruno J. T. Fernandes

Keyword(s):

Integrated Circuits ◽

Printed Circuit Boards ◽

Printed Circuit Board ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Decision Criterion ◽

Economic Feasibility ◽

Electronic Equipment ◽

Circuit Board ◽

Mechanical Recycling ◽

Printed Circuit

The technological growth of the last decades has brought many improvements in daily life, but also concerns on how to deal with electronic waste. Electrical and electronic equipment waste is the fastest-growing rate in the industrialized world. One of the elements of electronic equipment is the printed circuit board (PCB) and almost every electronic equipment has a PCB inside it. While waste PCB (WPCB) recycling may result in the recovery of potentially precious materials and the reuse of some components, it is a challenging task because its composition diversity requires a cautious pre-processing stage to achieve optimal recycling outcomes. Our research focused on proposing a method to evaluate the economic feasibility of recycling integrated circuits (ICs) from WPCB. The proposed method can help decide whether to dismantle a separate WPCB before the physical or mechanical recycling process and consists of estimating the IC area from a WPCB, calculating the IC’s weight using surface density, and estimating how much metal can be recovered by recycling those ICs. To estimate the IC area in a WPCB, we used a state-of-the-art object detection deep learning model (YOLO) and the PCB DSLR image dataset to detect the WPCB’s ICs. Regarding IC detection, the best result was obtained with the partitioned analysis of each image through a sliding window, thus creating new images of smaller dimensions, reaching 86.77% mAP. As a final result, we estimate that the Deep PCB Dataset has a total of 1079.18 g of ICs, from which it would be possible to recover at least 909.94 g of metals and silicon elements from all WPCBs’ ICs. Since there is a high variability in the compositions of WPCBs, it is possible to calculate the gross income for each WPCB and use it as a decision criterion for the type of pre-processing.

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Towards a Smart E-Waste System Utilizing Supply Chain Participants and Interactive Online Maps

Recycling ◽

10.3390/recycling6010008 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 8

Author(s):

Tetiana Shevchenko ◽

Michael Saidani ◽

Yuriy Danko ◽

Ievgeniia Golysheva ◽

Jana Chovancová ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Waste Management ◽

Business Model ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Precious Metals ◽

Local Delivery ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Business Model Canvas ◽

Online Maps ◽

Delivery Services ◽

Reduction Of Co2

Efficient electronic waste (e-waste) management is one of the vital strategies to save materials, including critical minerals and precious metals with limited global reserves. The e-waste collection issue has gained increasing attention in recent years, especially in developing countries, due to low collection rates. This study aims to search for progressive solutions in the e-waste collection sphere with close-to-zero transport and infrastructure costs and the minimization of consumers’ efforts towards an enhanced e-waste management efficiency and collection rate. Along these lines, the present paper develops a smart reverse system of e-waste from end-of-life electronics holders to local recycling infrastructures based on intelligent information technology (IT) tools involving local delivery services to collect e-waste and connecting with interactive online maps of users’ requests. This system considers the vehicles of local delivery services as potential mobile collection points that collect and deliver e-waste to a local recycling enterprise with a minimum deviation from the planned routes. Besides e-waste transport and infrastructure costs minimization, the proposed smart e-waste reverse system supports the reduction of CO2 through the optimal deployment of e-waste collection vehicles. The present study also advances a solid rationale for involving local e-waste operators as key stakeholders of the smart e-waste reverse system. Deploying the business model canvas (BMC) toolkit, a business model of the developed system has been built for the case of Sumy city, Ukraine, and discussed in light of recent studies.

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Design for Circularity Guidelines for the EEE Sector

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su13073923 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 3923

Author(s):

Anton Berwald ◽

Gergana Dimitrova ◽

Thijs Feenstra ◽

Joop Onnekink ◽

Harm Peters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Value Chain ◽

Electronic Equipment ◽

Decision Makers ◽

Hazardous Substances ◽

Easy Access ◽

Stakeholder Collaboration ◽

Weee Recycling ◽

Negative Impacts ◽

Multi Stakeholder ◽

Different Levels

The increased diversity and complexity of plastics used in modern devices, such as electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), can have negative impacts on their recyclability. Today, the main economic driver for waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) recycling stems from metal recovery. WEEE plastics recycling, on the other hand, still represents a major challenge. Strategies like design ‘for’, but also the much younger concept of design ‘from’ recycling play a key role in closing the material loops within a circular economy. While these strategies are usually analysed separately, this brief report harmonises them in comprehensive Design for Circularity guidelines, established in a multi-stakeholder collaboration with industry leaders from the entire WEEE value chain. The guidelines were developed at the product and part levels. They are divided in five categories: (1) avoidance of hazardous substances; (2) enabling easy access and removal of hazardous or polluting parts; (3) use of recyclable materials; (4) use of material combinations and connections allowing easy liberation; (5) use of recycled materials. These guidelines are the first harmonised set to be released for the EEE industry. They can readily serve decision-makers from different levels, including product designers and manufacturers as well as policymakers.

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PLANNING OF LOGISTICS SUPPORT FOR THE DISPOSAL OF HOUSEHOLD E-WASTE

EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA ◽

10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.09.01.011 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (9) ◽

pp. 79-84

Author(s):

NGUYEN THI THU HUONG ◽

◽

O. N. LARIN ◽

◽

Keyword(s):

Supply Chain ◽

Cost Effectiveness ◽

Garbage Collection ◽

Electronic Waste ◽

Waste Collection ◽

Official Statistics ◽

Factors Associated ◽

The Creation ◽

The Cost

The article describes the factors associated with the planning of logistics support for the disposal of household electronic waste. Identifying these factors plays an important role in coordinating to ensure the cost-effectiveness of the costs of recycling e-waste at all stages of the supply chain from the source of waste to where it is accumulated and then recycled. The article describes the importance of such processes as: the development of a method for determining the volume of household electronic waste generated in the administrative-territorial district, the creation of a network of waste collection points, the determination of the amount and throughput of waste collection points, the need to organize garbage collection from the place of collection at the lowest cost. The study was conducted on the basis of an analysis of official statistics from the five most populous cities in Vietnam and thirty regions of Hanoi.

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