Wastewater reclamation using discarded reverse osmosis membranes for reuse in irrigation in Djibouti, an arid country

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Osman Awaleh ◽  
Moussa Mahdi Ahmed ◽  
Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh ◽  
Farhan Bouraleh Hoch ◽  
Samatar Mohamed Bouh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this paper is to establish the feasibility of recovering discarded reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in order to reduce the salinity of domestic treated wastewater. This study shows that the reuse of RO membranes is of particular interest for arid countries having naturally high mineralized water such as Djibouti. The pilot desalination unit reduces the electrical conductivity, the turbidity and the total dissolved salt respectively at 75–85, 96.7 and 95.4%. The water produced with this desalination unit contains an average of 254 cfu/100 mL total coliforms and 87 cfu/100 mL fecal coliforms. This effluent meets the World Health Organization standards for treated wastewater reuse for agricultural purposes. The annual cost of the desalination unit was evaluated as US $/m3 0.82, indicating the relatively high cost of this process. Nevertheless, such processes are required to produce an effluent, with a high reuse potential.

The Development of Health Guidelines for Wastewater Reclamation

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The World

Wastewater reclamation has multiple benefits including water conservation and supplementing available water resources, while providing valuable nutrients to the soil. It also contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution, by reducing wastewater discharges to surface and underground water sources. However, potential health problems associated with reuse of wastewater must be carefully assessed and health guidelines developed which effectively reduce health risks and allow for the full social and economic benefits of wastewater reuse to be achieved. This paper reviews the major findings of a World Bank/United Nations Development Program study aimed at evaluating health guidelines for wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation. This study concludes that early guidelines were often unjustifiably conservative and recommends for unrestricted irrigation of all crops including edible vegetable crops, a microbial quality of the effluent of 1000 fecal coliforms/100 ml and l or less helminth eggs/litre. This microbial standard can be achieved in well designed multi-celled stabilization pond systems which are low cost, robust and simple to operate and are particularly suited to developing countries in warm climates. Alternative advanced treatment technologies can also meet these guidelines. The World Health Organization has recently provided a new impetus to wastewater reclamation in agriculture throughout the world with its official approval of these guidelines.

Risk assessment of treated municipal wastewater reuse in Sicily

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-98 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rosa Aiello ◽  
Giuseppe L. Cirelli ◽  
Simona Consoli ◽  
Feliciana Licciardello ◽  
Attilio Toscano
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Irrigation System ◽  
Risk Function ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treated Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Impact

In Italy, the restrictive approach for treated wastewater reuse in agriculture has led to some difficulties in promoting this practice. In order to assess the health risk associated with the use of wastewater in agriculture, an experiment was conducted in an open field near the constructed wetland (CW) system of San Michele di Ganzaria (Eastern Sicily), during the irrigation seasons 2004–2009. In particular the impact on tomato crops of drip and sub-drip irrigation with treated municipal wastewater, as well as effects of wastewater reuse on the irrigation system, main production features, hydrological soil behaviour, and microbial soil and products contamination were investigated. Notwithstanding the fact that globally CW effluents did not match microbiological standards for wastewater reuse of Italian legislation, the median infection risk (function of the recommended tolerable additional disease burden of 10−6 DALY (disability-adjusted life year) loss per person per year) suggested by the 2006 World Health Organization Guidelines for rotavirus, Campylobacter and Cryptosporidium for lettuce irrigation under unrestricted irrigation scenario was achieved.

Helminth ova removal from wastewater for agriculture and aquaculture reuse

2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 485-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Jimenez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
World Health ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Target ◽  
Health Organization

In the new version of the World Health Organization (WHO), water reuse guidelines helminth ova are considered one of the main target pollutants to be removed from wastewater reuse for agriculture and aquaculture purposes. In spite of this, along with the fact that helminth ova have been considered the main health risk to wastewater reuse for agriculture for at least 20 years, relatively little research has been done to control helminth ova in the wastewater treatment field. This paper addresses (1) characteristics of helminth ova and differences with microorganisms; (2) the most frequent helminth ova genus found in wastewater; (3) helminth ova content in developed and developing countries wastewater; (4) reasons why conventional disinfection methods cannot be applied; (5) main removal mechanisms; and (6) processes that in practice have effectively removed or inactivated helminth ova.

Parasitological risk assessment from wastewater reuse for disposal in soil in developing countries

2012 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 1357-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Silvana A. Cutolo ◽  
Roque P. Piveli ◽  
Jéferson G. Santos ◽  
Célia R. Montes ◽  
Gilberto Sundefeld ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Removal Efficiency ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
Average Density ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse

The purpose of this work is to analyze the parasitological risks of treated wastewater reuse from a stabilization pond in the city of Piracicaba, in the State of São Paulo (Brazil), and the level of treatment required to protect public health. Samples were taken from raw and treated wastewater in stabilization ponds and submitted to a parasitological, microbiological and physicochemical analysis. The study revealed on treated wastewater the presence of Ascaris sp. and Entamoeba coli with an average density of 1 cysts L−1 and 6 eggs L−1, respectively. For Ascaris, the annual risks of infection due to the accidental ingestion of wastewater irrigation were 7.5 × 10−2 in 208 days and 8.7 × 10−2 in 240 days. For Total Coliforms and Escherichia coli in treated wastewater, the average density was 1.0 × 105 MPN/100 ml and 2.7 × 104 MPN/100 ml respectively, representing 99% and 94% removal efficiency, respectively. For BOD, COD, TS and TSS removal efficiency was 69, 80, 50 and 71%, respectively. The removal efficiency for nitrogen; ammonia nitrogen and total phosphate was 24, 19 and 68%, respectively. The average density of helminths eggs in treated wastewater is higher compared to the density of the limit value of ≤1 egg L−1 and tolerable risk is above the level recommended by the World Health Organization. Multiple barriers are necessary for the reduction of organic matter, chemical contaminants and parasites from treated wastewater. Standards for the sanitary control of treated wastewater to be reused in agricultural irrigation areas should be compiled for developing countries in order to minimize public health risks.

Wastewater Reuse Potential in Turkey: Legal and Technical Aspects

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 131-137 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hasan Z. Sarikaya ◽  
Veysel Eroglu
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Water Shortage ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Residual Chlorine ◽  
Effluent Quality ◽  
Marine Outfall ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Activated Sludge Processes

Treated wastewater is one of the potential water resources in especially arid and semi arid regions. Overall, Turkey is not poor in terms of water sources. However, due to distribution of water in time and in space water shortage is felt. Wastewater reuse potential is especially high during summer months for agricultural and recreational purposes. In coastal areas of Turkey treated wastewaters from the coastal settlements are reused to irrigate the green areas and parks. Surplus effluents are discharged into the sea by use of marine outfall pipes. Extended aeration type of activated sludge processes followed by chlorination is the most common form of the treatment. Agricultural reuse is encouraged in inland rural regions. Simple wastewater treatment methods such as stabilization ponds are popular in rural areas. Water quality standards regulating irrigational wastewater reuse are recently set in Turkey. Guidelines given by World Health Organization (WHO) are generally adopted except the limits for the intestinal nematodes and the residual chlorine. Irrigational reuse standards as well as the degree of the treatment have to be revised based on the local experiences. Assurance of a given effluent quality is one of the major problems in management of the wastewater reuse in rural areas. Local examples are presented to illustrate this point.

scholarly journals Disinfection of an advanced primary effluent using peracetic acid or ultraviolet radiation for its reuse in public services

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 118-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flores R. Julio ◽  
Terres-Peña Hilario ◽  
Vaca M. Mabel ◽  
López C. Raymundo ◽  
Lizardi-Ramos Arturo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Uv Radiation ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Most Probable Number ◽  
Probable Number ◽  
Bacteriological Quality ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse

The disinfection of a continuous flow of an effluent from an advanced primary treatment (coagulation-flocculation-sedimentation) with or without posterior filtration, using either peracetic acid (PAA) or ultraviolet (UV) radiation was studied. We aimed to obtain bacteriological quality to comply with the microbiological standard established in the Mexican regulations for treated wastewater reuse (NOM-003-SEMARNAT-1997), i.e., less than 240 MPN (most probable number) FC/100 mL. The concentrations of PAA were 10, 15, and 20 mg/L, with contact times of 10, and 15 min. Fecal coliforms (FC) inactivation ranged from 0.93 up to 6.4 log units, and in all cases it reached the limits set by the mentioned regulation. Water quality influenced the PAA disinfection effectiveness. An efficiency of 91% was achieved for the unfiltered effluent, as compared to 99% when wastewater was filtered. UV radiation was applied to wastewater flows of 21, 30 and 39 L/min, with dosages from 1 to 6 mJ/cm2. This treatment did not achieve the bacteriological quality required for treated wastewater reuse, since the best inactivation of FC was 1.62 log units, for a flow of 21 L/min of filtered wastewater and a UV dosage of 5.6 mJ/cm2.

Erstes Instrument zur standardisierten Erfassung der Teilhabe Behinderter

2017 ◽  
Vol 79 (07) ◽  
pp. 526-527
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Menschen Mit Behinderung

Coenen M et al. [Recommendation for the collection and analysis of data on participation and disability from the perspective of the World Health Organization]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz 2016; 59: 1060–1067 Um eine gleichberechtigte Teilhabe an der Gesellschaft von Menschen mit Behinderung zu ermöglichen, werden zunächst Daten zu vorhandenen Einschränkungen gebraucht. Erst wenn diese detailliert erhoben wurden, können Konzepte zur Beseitigung von Problemen entwickelt werden. Ein standardisiertes Erhebungsinstrument für alle Aspekte der Funktionsfähigkeit fehlte jedoch bisher.

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