The Development of Health Guidelines for Wastewater Reclamation

1991 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
The World

Wastewater reclamation has multiple benefits including water conservation and supplementing available water resources, while providing valuable nutrients to the soil. It also contributes to the reduction of environmental pollution, by reducing wastewater discharges to surface and underground water sources. However, potential health problems associated with reuse of wastewater must be carefully assessed and health guidelines developed which effectively reduce health risks and allow for the full social and economic benefits of wastewater reuse to be achieved. This paper reviews the major findings of a World Bank/United Nations Development Program study aimed at evaluating health guidelines for wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation. This study concludes that early guidelines were often unjustifiably conservative and recommends for unrestricted irrigation of all crops including edible vegetable crops, a microbial quality of the effluent of 1000 fecal coliforms/100 ml and l or less helminth eggs/litre. This microbial standard can be achieved in well designed multi-celled stabilization pond systems which are low cost, robust and simple to operate and are particularly suited to developing countries in warm climates. Alternative advanced treatment technologies can also meet these guidelines. The World Health Organization has recently provided a new impetus to wastewater reclamation in agriculture throughout the world with its official approval of these guidelines.

Wastewater reclamation using discarded reverse osmosis membranes for reuse in irrigation in Djibouti, an arid country

2013 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1362-1369 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed Osman Awaleh ◽  
Moussa Mahdi Ahmed ◽  
Youssouf Djibril Soubaneh ◽  
Farhan Bouraleh Hoch ◽  
Samatar Mohamed Bouh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Mineralized Water ◽  
Treated Wastewater Reuse ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this paper is to establish the feasibility of recovering discarded reverse osmosis (RO) membranes in order to reduce the salinity of domestic treated wastewater. This study shows that the reuse of RO membranes is of particular interest for arid countries having naturally high mineralized water such as Djibouti. The pilot desalination unit reduces the electrical conductivity, the turbidity and the total dissolved salt respectively at 75–85, 96.7 and 95.4%. The water produced with this desalination unit contains an average of 254 cfu/100 mL total coliforms and 87 cfu/100 mL fecal coliforms. This effluent meets the World Health Organization standards for treated wastewater reuse for agricultural purposes. The annual cost of the desalination unit was evaluated as US $/m3 0.82, indicating the relatively high cost of this process. Nevertheless, such processes are required to produce an effluent, with a high reuse potential.

Health Guidelines and Standards for Wastewater Reuse in Agriculture: Historical Perspectives*

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (10-12) ◽  
pp. 2073-2080 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hillel I. Shuval
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Pollution Prevention ◽  
Scientific Basis ◽  
World Health ◽  
Social Trends ◽  
Historical Perspectives ◽  
The World ◽  
Guidelines And Standards ◽  
Health Regulations

While wastewater reuse has been practiced for well over a hundred years as an effective combined strategy for water conservation and water pollution prevention, health regulations in the form of guidelines and standards have developed erratically under the influence of varying historical forces and social trends. In the earliest periods there was little or no regulation. Early in the 20th century with the growing awareness and fear of environmental transmission of communicable diseases the pendulum swung in the direction of extremely severe, and often unenforceable, health regulations which lacked a firm epidemiological basis. This paper summarizes recent research studies and policy reviews sponsored by the World Bank and the World Health Organization which have provided a sound scientific basis for re-evaluating the health risks associated with wastewater reuse and technological and policy guidelines for their control. This more rational and realistic approach based on credible epidemiological evidence has led to the promulgation by the WHO of new health guidelines allowing for unrestricted agricultural irrigation of all crops including vegetables eaten raw, with an effluent standard of 1 or less helminths/liter and a mean of 1000 fecal coliform/100 ml.

scholarly journals Network analysis regarding international organisations and donors of humanitarian aid

2022 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Chool Choi
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Humanitarian Aid ◽  
World Health Organisation ◽  
World Health ◽  
International Organisations ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Underdeveloped Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations

This study aims to evaluate the status of the partnerships with important international organisations that Korea employs in operating its foreign aid projects from a humanitarian point of view. On the basis of this information, Korea intends to seek ways of effectively supporting underdeveloped countries through future co-operation with these organisations. The main international organisations analysed are the World Food Programme (WFP), the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), the World Health Organisation (WHO), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), the (United Nations) Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East (UNRWA), the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and the Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). These international organisations support underdeveloped countries through co-operative relationships not only with Korea but also with important donor countries of the OECD. This study focuses on establishing the factors that Korea needs to consider when providing humanitarian aid in the future to underdeveloped countries via such international organisations.

scholarly journals Exploring anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Programme, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jillian Clare Kohler ◽  
Andrea Bowra
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
International Organizations ◽  
Development Program ◽  
World Health ◽  
World Bank Group ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
The World ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Nations Development

Abstract Corruption is recognized by the global community as a threat to development generally and to achieving health goals, such as the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal # 3: ensuring healthy lives and promoting well-being for all. As such, international organizations such as the World Health Organizations and the United Nations Development Program are creating an evidence base on how best to address corruption in health systems. At present, the risk of corruption is even more apparent, given the need for quick and nimble responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, which may include a relaxation of standards and the rapid mobilization of large funds. As international organizations and governments attempt to respond to the ever-changing demands of this pandemic, there is a need to acknowledge and address the increased opportunity for corruption. In order to explore how such risks of corruption are addressed in international organizations, this paper focuses on the question: How are international organizations implementing measures to promote accountability and transparency, and anti-corruption, in their own operations? The following international organizations were selected as the focus of this paper given their current involvement in anti-corruption, transparency, and accountability in the health sector: the World Health Organization, the United Nations Development Program, the World Bank Group, and the Global Fund to Fight Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Our findings demonstrate that there has been a clear increase in the volume and scope of anti-corruption, accountability, and transparency measures implemented by these international organizations in recent years. However, the efficacy of these measures remains unclear. Further research is needed to determine how these measures are achieving their transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption goals.

scholarly journals Investigation on microbial inactivation and urea decomposition in human urine during thermal storage

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaoqin Zhou ◽  
Yajie Li ◽  
Zifu Li ◽  
Yue Xi ◽  
Sayed Mohammad Nazim Uddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Urine ◽  
Storage Condition ◽  
Microbial Inactivation ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Large Space ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Urea Decomposition ◽  
Storage Temperatures

The World Health Organization suggests storing human urine for at least 6 months at 20 °C prior to application as fertilizer to reduce the potential health risks from pathogenic organisms. Such a storage condition for human urine, however, not only requires a long period of time and large space but also ignores the risk of nitrogen losses. In this study, human urine underwent thermal treatment during storage to improve disinfection and to inhibit urea hydrolysis. Microbial indicators such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms and the concentration of ammonia/ammonium were investigated in urine samples that were stored at 60 °C and 70 °C. Both the inactivation of indicators and decomposition of urea improved under storage temperatures of 60 °C and 70 °C compared with storage under ambient temperature. Therefore, human urine is recommended to be stored at 70 °C for 7 days for hygienic and stabilization purposes. Under this storage condition, pH is maintained below 8.0 and ammonia/ammonium content is maintained at approximately 800 mg/L.

scholarly journals Chemical, Physical and Biological Carwash Wastewater Treatments for Water Recycling: Critical and Comparative Analyses

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Reverse Osmosis ◽  
Water Conservation ◽  
Operating Cost ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Treatment Methods ◽  
Granular Filter ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

The carwash industry uses large volumes of freshwater and release wastewater containing harmful chemicals into the environment. The type and quantity of cleaning chemicals and finish products used and the amount of dirt present on the vehicle affect the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the carwash wastewater. The growing public concerns for water conservation and the environmental health of water waterways has led to several environmental regulations to encourage wastewater reclamation and reduction of pollution loads. The environmentally friendly carwash operation requires a good washing technology with compatible washing chemicals and advanced water treatment methods with proper water recycling system. The desire of professional carwash operators to conserve water and/or reduce discharges dictate the choice of approach and reclaim equipment to be installed. This study describes the treatment options for carwash wastewaters for recycling in order to achieve pollution reduction, water conservation and economic benefits for carwash operators. These treatments include chemical coagulation-flocculation, electrocoagulation, electrooxidation, granular filtration, microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, reverse osmosis, biofilters, bioreactors, wetlands and adsorption. The advantages and disadvantages of each method were determined. Each method was evaluated and compared with other methods using a standard set of criteria that included: cost, maintenance and control, efficiency, suitability, value added product, environmental and health impact and size and land requirement. These criteria were developed based of the advantages and disadvantages of the treatment methods. Each criterion was assigned a score based on its relative importance. A comparative analysis was performed on the 12 methods of carwash wastewater treatments using the eight criteria. The results indicated that granular filter treatment had the highest score (87) followed by reverse osmosis (84). It is therefore recommended that a combination of granular filter and reverse osmosis be used to treat carwash wastewater. The granular filter is used as a pre-treatment option to remove suspended solids, heavy metals and pathogenic microorganisms and the reverse osmosis unit is used as a final treatment for polishing the granular filter effluent and remove all remining organic molecules, cysts, bacteria, virus and all minerals including dissolved individual ions. The final product is a spotfree rinse water resulting in glass, chrome, and all painted surfaces to dry spot-free. Granular filter is easy to set up using locally available material, is economical and has a low capital and operating cost and a short residence time and can achieve reductions of up to 100% of COD, TSS and turbidity. Reverse osmosis results in complete removal of pathogens and virus and up to 99 % removal of dissolved solids.

scholarly journals Relevansi Pemikiran Ekonomi Muhammad Baqir Ash-Sadr

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Kambali
Keyword(s):  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Capitalist System ◽  
Subprime Mortgage ◽  
State Involvement ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The World ◽  
The Rich

The failure of the capitalist system in realizing just welfare becomes a necessity for mankind to deconstruct the economy of capitalism into a just and civic economic system which in this case of course Islamic economics deserves to be considered as one alternative in realizing human prosperity. As one of today’s contemporary muslim economists, Baqir Sadr’s ideas are increasingly finding relevance to the current global economic situation. This article examines the thoughts of Baqir Sadr in the book Iqtishaduna (our Economic) by using the approach of library research. The results of this study include. First The idea that capitalism is a system that is solely oriented to the accumulation of capital and ignore the values outside the economic motive. The two important meanings of the State’s role in economics at Baqir Sadr’s foundation can be found in the notion of a conventional economist, one of which is former US Federal Reserve governor Alan Gleenspan, which highlights the importance of state involvement in economic activities as in the case of the Subprime Mortgage financial crisis. The three ideas of wealth distribution that require the circulation of property in both local and transnational domains become very relevant to see the imbalances that occur in the world today as the United Nations Development Program (UNDP) said as many as 20% of the rich in the world are enjoying 86% of world wealth, while 80% of the world's poor enjoy only 14% of the world's wealth. Keywords: Relevance, Capitalism Failure, Baqir Sadr Thought

scholarly journals Health and Economic Impact of Health Warnings and Plain Tobacco Packaging in Seven Latin American Countries: Results of a Simulation Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (11) ◽  
pp. 2032-2040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Alcaraz ◽  
Akram Hernández-Vásquez ◽  
Alfredo Palacios ◽  
Belén Rodríguez ◽  
Javier Roberti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Tobacco Control ◽  
Latin American ◽  
World Health ◽  
Microsimulation Model ◽  
Potential Health ◽  
Plain Packaging ◽  
The World ◽  
Latin American Countries

Abstract Introduction The burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Latin America is very high. Our objective was to evaluate the 10-year potential impact of current legislation related to cigarette packaging and warnings and expected effects of moving to a higher level of strategies implementing cigarette plain packaging on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a microsimulation model. Aims and Methods We used a probabilistic state-transition microsimulation model, considering natural history, costs, and quality of life losses associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed up individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes annually to obtain aggregated long-term population health outcomes and costs. We performed a literature review to estimate effects and analyzed studies and information from ministries, relevant organizations, and national surveys. We calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with local statistics. Results Current graphic warnings already in place in each country could avert, during 10 years, 69 369 deaths and 638 295 disease events, adding 1.2 million years of healthy life and saving USD 5.3 billion in the seven countries. If these countries implemented plain packaging strategies, additional 155 857 premature deaths and 4 133 858 events could be averted, adding 4.1 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.6 billion in direct health care expenses of diseases attributable to smoking. Conclusions Latin American countries should not delay the implementation of this strategy that will alleviate part of the enormous health and financial burden that tobacco poses on their economies and health care systems. Implications Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing cigarette plain packaging in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin American population; findings are valuable resources for policy makers in the region.

A2. WORLD BANK, ““DISENGAGEMENT, THE PALESTINIAN ECONOMY, AND THE SETTLEMENTS,”” WASHINGTON, DC, 23 JUNE 2004 (EXCERPTS).

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-152 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Washington Dc ◽  
Palestinian Authority ◽  
United Nations Development Program ◽  
Israeli Government ◽  
Palestinian Economy ◽  
The United Nations

This comprehensive forty-two-page report was prepared at the request of the Palestinian Authority and the Israeli government and had the cooperation of both. The World Bank team also included one representative each from the United Nations Special Coordinator's Office (UNSCO), the United Nations Development Program (UNDP), and the European Commission. Reproduced below is the section assessing the economic benefits of Israel's Gaza disengagement plan. Footnotes have been omitted for space. The full report is available online at www.worldbank.org/mna.

Economic Profit vs. Social Benefit

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-44
Author(s):  
M. Mercedes Galán-Ladero ◽  
M. Ángeles Galán-Ladero
Keyword(s):  
Well Being ◽  
Social Benefit ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Essential Medicines ◽  
World Health ◽  
Human Right ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
The Right

There is currently a wide-ranging debate on whether it is ethical for pharmaceutical companies to profit and obtain large economic benefits by patenting and controlling the sale of essential medicines that can save thousands of lives, or, on the contrary, whether these medicines should be considered social products and offered at low prices so that anyone, in any country in the world, regardless of their purchasing power, can have access to them. This debate has intensified since health was considered a fundamental human right by the World Health Organization (WHO) and was expressly included in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations (specifically, in Goal 3: “Health and Well-Being”). Consequently, the overall objective of this chapter is to reflect on these questions: Should economic interests prevail over social ones in the case of essential life-saving medicines? Should the fundamental right to health prevail over the right granted by a patent? How far should corporate social responsibility (CSR) go in the pharmaceutical industry?

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