scholarly journals Assessing intermittent saline inflows in urban water systems

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Brito ◽  
M. C. Almeida ◽  
N. Silva ◽  
S. Barreto ◽  
F. Veríssimo
Keyword(s):  
Saline Water ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
Irrigation Performance ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Water Drainage ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Saline Waters ◽  
Acceptance Levels ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Urban water drainage systems' primary function is to transport sanitary or stormwater. The intrusion of saline waters has recognized detrimental effects. Especially in coastal areas, saline inflows can compromise performance by increasing the risk of untreated discharges, weakening the structural condition of concrete or metallic components, reducing the effectiveness of wastewater treatment processes and limiting the potential reuse for irrigation. Performance deterioration can be prevented by an early assessment of exposure to saline water, followed by timely actions to control its causes and consequences. The paper describes a procedure for diagnosing undue saline inflows. The procedure is based on the determination of saline inflow's magnitude, acceptance levels, and contribution to the system's performance. Contextual factors and performance indicators, and their reference values, are selected for the assessment. Options to address the problem are proposed, depending on the results. These options can relate to organizational, operational, and structural actions. Application to a case study allowed to validate the method and discuss the results. Here, saline volumes entering the system are quite relevant (almost 30%), posing problems regarding corrosion, treatment plant operation and significant concrete exposure to intermittent saline waters.

Design and performance of deep well dewatering: a case study

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
D W Sargent ◽  
R D Beckie ◽  
G Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soil Mechanics ◽  
Data Gathering ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Pumping Test ◽  
Observational Method ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Deep Well ◽  
And Performance

This paper reviews the process used to design the construction dewatering system at the Influent Pumping Station at Annacis Island Wastewater Treatment Plant. The design process followed the "observational method," as applied to soil mechanics by K. Terzaghi and set out by R.B. Peck in the Ninth Rankine Lecture. The design was based on a working hypothesis of behaviour anticipated under the most probable conditions identified in the data gathering and assessment program. The sensitivity of the design was evaluated by considering potentially unfavourable conditions evident in the available data. The design development included a review of monitoring feedback obtained during the pumping-well installation, a pumping test, and the dewatering system start-up. The monitoring program and review process are presented.Key words: dewatering, observational method, case study, pumping test.

scholarly journals IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS

Irriga ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 428-440
Author(s):  
Tales Miler Soares ◽  
Sergio Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Cristiano Nascimento Duarte ◽  
Christiano César Dibbern Graf ◽  
Marcelo Zanetti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Natural Water ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Sao Paulo ◽  
Water Type ◽  
São Paulo ◽  
New Production ◽  
Saline Waters

IRRIGAÇÃO DE PORTA-ENXERTOS CÍTRICOS COM ÁGUAS SALINAS  Tales Miler Soares1; Sergio Nascimento Duarte1; Christiano César Dibbern Graf2; Marcelo Zanetti2; Silvio Sandoval Zocchi31Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, [email protected] Mudas, Conchal,  SP3Departamento de Ciências Exatas, Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, Universidade de São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP  1 RESUMO Avaliar o desenvolvimento dos porta-enxertos limoeiro ‘Cravo’, tangerineira ‘Cleópatra’ e citrumeleiro ‘Swingle’, irrigados com águas salinas, mensurando se a aplicação de Ca(NO3)2 mitiga eventuais efeitos de íons fitotóxicos, foi objetivo do presente trabalho, conduzido sob ambiente protegido, em Rio Claro-SP. Investigou-se três qualidades de água: água natural (CEa= 1,19 dS m-1), explorada de poço tubular profundo, água dessalinizada (CEa= 0,02 dS m-1), obtida mediante osmose reversa da água natural, e água residual (CEa= 2,11 dS m-1), sub-produto da dessalinização. Os níveis de Ca(NO3)2 avaliados foram 0 e 2,105 g L-1. Averiguando-se os parâmetros usuais do crescimento vegetal, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas, entre os tratamentos, decorrentes da qualidade da água, embora se tenha registrado que esta contribuiu para o aumento da salinização do substrato, ultrapassando, inclusive, o valor da salinidade limiar (CEes= 1,4 dS m-1) reconhecido para os citros. A adição de Ca(NO3)2 não incrementou o desenvolvimento, atuando negativamente no crescimento inicial das raízes e do caule. O curto período necessário ao crescimento dos porta-enxertos, proporcionado pelo atual sistema de produção, associado às irrigações freqüentes e suas frações de lixiviação podem ter restringido efeitos negativos das águas salinas investigadas. UNITERMOS: Citrus, salinidade, condutividade elétrica, substrato.  SOARES, T.M.; DUARTE, S.N.; GRAF, C.C.D.; ZANETTI, M.; ZOCCHI, S.S.       CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS IRRIGATION WITH SALINE WATER  2 ABSTRACT This research aimed to evaluate the growth of three citrus rootstocks (‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Swingle’ citrumelo) irrigated with saline waters, under greenhouse conditions, in order to measure if calcium nitrate mitigates their toxic effects. Three water qualities were investigated: natural water (ECw= 1,19 dS m-1), obtained from a deep tubular well, desalinated water (ECw= 0,02 dS m-1), obtained by reverse osmosis from the natural water, and reject water (ECw= 2,11 dS m-1), resultant from the desalination process. Two Ca(NO3)2 levels were evaluated: 0 and 2,105 g L-1. Usual parameters for plant growth analysis were measured. According to Tukey’s test (5% probability), water quality did not affect rootstocks development, although the water type have contributed to increase the electrical conductivity of substrate saturation extract (ECs) along the experimental period, surpassing the salinity threshold value (ECs = 1,4 dS m-1) reported for citrus. The Ca(NO3)2 addition did not increase the plant growth, but negatively affected the first evaluations of root and stem diameter development. The short time necessary to rootstocks growth provided by new production system, associated to the frequent irrigations and its leaching fractions possible may have restricted the negative effects of saline waters. KEYWORDS: Citrus, salinity, electrical conductivity, substrate.  

scholarly journals Multi-Faceted Environmental Analysis to Improve the Quality of Anthropogenic Water Reservoirs (Paprocany Reservoir Case Study)

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 2626 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Absalon ◽  
Magdalena Matysik ◽  
Andrzej Woźnica ◽  
Bartosz Łozowski ◽  
Wanda Jarosz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Global Warming ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Saline Water ◽  
Good Condition ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Biogenic Elements ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Dam Reservoirs ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

Maintaining good condition of dam reservoirs in urban areas seems increasingly important due to their valuable role in mitigating the effects of global warming. The aim of this study is to analyze possibilities to improve water quality and ecosystem condition of the Paprocany dam reservoir (highly urbanized area of southern Poland) using current data of the water parameters, historical sources, and DPSIR (Driver–Pressure–State–Impact–Response) and 3D modeling concerning human activity and the global warming effects. In its history Paprocany reservoir overcame numerous hydrotechnical changes influencing its present functioning. Also, its current state is significantly influenced by saline water from the coal mine (5 g L−1 of chlorides and sulphates) and biogenic elements in recreational area (about 70 mg L−1 of chlorate and to 1.9 mg L−1 Kjeldahl nitrogen) and in sediments (222.66 Mg of Kjeldahl nitrogen, 45.65 Mg of P, and 1.03 Mg of assimilable phosphorus). Concluding, the best solutions to improve the Paprocany reservoir water quality comprise: increasing alimentation with water and shortening the water exchange time, restoration of the 19th century water treatment plant, and wetlands and reed bed area revitalization. The study also proved the applicability of mathematical models in planning of the actions and anticipating their efficiency.

scholarly journals 0298 Sleep at Sea: A Qualitative Examination of Barriers to Sleep and Mitigation Strategies Among Shipboard Sailors

SLEEP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A112-A113
Author(s):  
E A Schmied ◽  
E M Harrison ◽  
R Dell’Acqua ◽  
G L Glickman ◽  
S L Hurtado
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disturbance ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Service Members ◽  
Caffeine Intake ◽  
Early Assessment ◽  
Medicine Research ◽  
Related Stress ◽  
And Performance

Abstract Introduction Sleep disturbance is prevalent among service members; however, little is known about factors that impede sleep in unique operational environments, such as aboard naval ships. Given the importance of sleep to health and performance, identifying both causes and potential solutions to sleep disturbance is critical. The objective of this qualitative study was to elucidate barriers to sleep and the strategies U.S. Navy sailors use to improve their sleep and combat fatigue while underway. Methods Interviews were conducted with 22 active duty service members assigned to sea duty. The semi-structured interview guide assessed the experiences of service members sleeping in shipboard environments, including the strategies used to improve sleep and combat fatigue. Interview transcripts were analyzed using applied thematic content analysis by two independent coders. Results Most participants were male (91.8%) and enlisted (95.5%). The most commonly reported barrier to sleep was stress (e.g., job-related stress), followed by rotating schedules, and environmental factors (e.g., noise, light). Many reported prioritizing other activities over sleep when off duty. Though only a few reported specific strategies to improve sleep while underway, strategies that were described primarily included mitigation of environmental barriers (e.g., noise-canceling headphones or sleep masks). However, some participants acknowledged these strategies are not always feasible (e.g., cost, reduced responsiveness to alarms or commands). Notably, few sailors reported using stress mitigation or relaxation strategies to help sleep. Caffeine intake was the only reported strategy for alerting when fatigued. Conclusion Sailors reported many barriers to sleep that are unique to the shipboard environment, yet most did not report using any mitigation strategies. Further, few used alerting techniques (other than caffeine) when fatigued. This at-risk population could benefit from targeted educational interventions covering sleep-promoting behaviors, prioritization of sleep, and fatigue mitigation. Support This work was supported by the Military Operational Medicine Research Program, Early Assessment and Intervention Working Group, under work unit no. N1702.

scholarly journals Fuzzy Logic Analysis of the Build, Capacity Build and Transfer (B-CB-T) Modality for Urban Water Supply Service Delivery in Ethiopia

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 979 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Godfrey ◽  
Getachew Asmare ◽  
Tamene Gossa ◽  
Michele Paba
Keyword(s):  
Fuzzy Logic ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Urban Water Supply ◽  
Rapid Urbanization ◽  
Appropriate Behavior ◽  
Contractual Arrangements ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Fuzzy Logic Analysis

Rapid urbanization in Ethiopia is resulting in the need for alternative sustainable service models for urban water supply. Contractual arrangements to improve the functionality of urban water services in Ethiopia have included build, operate and transfer (BOT), design, build and operate (DBO), performance-based contracts (PBC) and utility development. UNICEF undertook a review of these modalities and concluded that a modified version of the BOT modality was required to both incentivize private sector engagement in urban water supply and to enhance public sector utilities. This paper describes the contractual modality developed to achieve this aim, namely an Ethiopian build, capacity build and transfer (B-CB-T) modality. This paper tests the applicability of the B-CB-T model using fuzzy logic statistical analysis and concludes that of the four tested variables (internal accountability, external accountability, operation and maintenance and financial management), the most statistically significant was the clear mandate to address complaints and maintain a positive relationship with the clients (users). This paper concludes that the B-CB-T is an effective contracting modality that should be accompanied by appropriate behavior change and social mobilization outreach to maximize tariff, billing, extension and performance of the infrastructure that is administered within the B-CB-T arrangement.

Numerical and Experimental Assessment of the Highway Arch Viaduct

2015 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 252-259
Author(s):  
Jan Bencat ◽  
Maria Stehlikova ◽  
Milan Skarupa
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Testing ◽  
Highway Bridges ◽  
Structural Condition ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Bridge Structure ◽  
Modal Damping ◽  
Bridge Structures ◽  
And Performance

Full–scale dynamic testing of bridge structures can provide valuable information on the service behavior and performance of structures. With the growing interest in the structural condition of highway bridges, dynamic testing can be used as a tool for assessing the integrity of bridges. From the measured dynamic response, induced by instructed passing trucks, modal parameters (natural frequencies, mode shapes and modal damping values) and system parameters (stiffness, mass and damping matrices) are obtained. These identified parameters can then be used to characterize and monitor the service of the bridge structure in the future. Analytical models of the structure can also be validated using these parameters [1,2]. The paper presents a procedure for estimating the traffic load bearing capacity of the steel arch highway viaduct Bridge Structure 205 (DC1–9, 755 m) constructed on Highway D1 in Nord Slovakia (Fig. 1) over the natural hollow basin via dynamic tests of the viaduct structures.

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