scholarly journals Ensuring the dependability of technical facilities through triplication and quadrupling

Dependability ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Tyurin
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
Active Fault ◽  
Structural Redundancy ◽  
Primary Methods ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Majority Decision ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Minimal Configuration ◽  
Fault Masking ◽  
Decision Circuit

Redundancy, e.g. structural redundancy, is one of the primary methods of improving the dependability, ensures failsafety and fault tolerance of components, devices and systems. According to the International Patent Classification (IPC), the class of systems and methods G06F11/18 is defined as «using passive fault-masking of the redundant circuits, e.g. by quadrupling or by majority decision circuits». Obviously, «fault-masking» masks not only faults, but failures as well. The majority decision circuits (MDC) in the minimal configuration implements a «2-out-of-3» choice. According to the above definition, such redundancy should not require a special decision circuit. However, that is not always the case. In cases when the resulting signal out of a quadruple logic is delivered to, for instance, an executive device, a «3-outof-4» selection circuit is required anyway. Another dependability-improving solution is defined by class G06F 11/20, «using active fault-masking, e.g. by switching out faulty elements or by switching in spare elements». The word «active» is missing here, thus we have active and passive fault tolerance. The paper examines passive fault tolerance that uses triplication and quadrupling and compares the respective probabilities of no-failure.The Weibull distribution is used that most adequately describes dependability in terms of radiation durability under the effects of heavy ions. It shows that in a number of cases quadrupling has a lower redundancy than triplication. A formula is proposed that describes the conditions of preferability of quadrupling at transistor level.

scholarly journals Sensor-fault tolerance using robust MPC with set-based state estimation and active fault isolation

2016 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 1260-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Feng Xu ◽  
Sorin Olaru ◽  
Vicenc Puig ◽  
Carlos Ocampo-Martinez ◽  
Silviu-Iulian Niculescu
Keyword(s):  
Fault Tolerance ◽  
State Estimation ◽  
Active Fault ◽  
Fault Isolation ◽  
Sensor Fault

scholarly journals Technological Advances to Reduce Apis mellifera Mortality: A Bibliometric Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (15) ◽  
pp. 8305
Author(s):  
Cristiano Ziegler ◽  
Tiago Sinigaglia ◽  
Mario Eduardo Santos Martins ◽  
Adriano Mendonça Souza
Keyword(s):  
Apis Mellifera ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Honey Production ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Technology Life Cycle

Bees play a fundamental role in the ecological balance of ecosystems, due to the pollination process they carry out on crops, including the production of honey. However, the mortality of bees is a significant concern; bee mortality can occur for several reasons, such as pesticides, mites, viruses, climate change, pathogens and a reduction in food resources and nests. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is the most widely used bee for commercial pollination and honey production. Therefore, the main objective is to compare the development of patent families and article publications related to the reduction in A. meliífera mortality. Data on patent families were collected on the Orbit platform, while data on scientific articles were collected on the Scopus database, with a time interval of 1980–2019. Subsequently, the data were analyzed in order to show the main priority countries, main assignees, and main IPC (International Patent Classification) codes, an analysis of the technology life cycle and the correlation between the data of patent families and articles published. The technologies that help to decrease bee mortality showed a technological maturity rate of 27.15% for patent families data and 53.35% for data from articles published in journals. It was noticed that the principal interest regarding the reduction in A. mellifera mortality is focused on universities, mainly in the United States and China.

scholarly journals Applications of Silver Nanoparticles in Dentistry: Advances and Technological Innovation

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (5) ◽  
pp. 2485
Author(s):  
Clara Couto Fernandez ◽  
Ana Rita Sokolonski ◽  
Maísa Santos Fonseca ◽  
Danijela Stanisic ◽  
Danilo Barral Araújo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Silver Nanoparticles ◽  
Technological Innovation ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Prevention Of Infections

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been successfully applied in several areas due to their significant antimicrobial activity against several microorganisms. In dentistry, AgNP can be applied in disinfection, prophylaxis, and prevention of infections in the oral cavity. In this work, the use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry and associated technological innovations was analyzed. The scientific literature was searched using PubMed and Scopus databases with descriptors related to the use of silver nanoparticles in dentistry, resulting in 90 open-access articles. The search for patents was restricted to the A61K code (International Patent Classification), using the same descriptors, resulting in 206 patents. The results found were ordered by dental specialties and demonstrated the incorporation of AgNPs in different areas of dentistry. In this context, the search for patents reaffirmed the growth of this technology and the dominance of the USA pharmaceutical industry over AgNPs product development. It could be concluded that nanotechnology is a promising area in dentistry with several applications.

scholarly journals Technological prospection: the genus Mikania in therapeutic use

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (14) ◽  
pp. e333101422076
Author(s):  
Nathália Andrezza Carvalho de Souza ◽  
Victória Laysna dos Anjos Santos ◽  
Tarcísio Cícero de Lima Araújo ◽  
Pedrita Alves Sampaio ◽  
Renata Rivelli Menezes de Souza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activities ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Intellectual Property Organization ◽  
European Patent ◽  
Industrial Property ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Innovation Research ◽  
Technological Potential ◽  
International Patent

The genus Mikania (Asteraceae) comprises about 450 species of these, 203 are found in Brazil and present several chemical and biological activities. Considering the variety of species and their therapeutic properties, the present study aimed to perform technological prospecting of this genus, since this approach aims to contribute to technological, scientific and innovation research. For this purpose, the patent documents were analyzed, regarding the applicant countries, year of filing and the international classification of patents of the genus Mikania. The search was conducted in the databases World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI) in October 2020, using the descriptor “Mikania”; present in the title and/or abstract in addition, documents that included medicinal approaches were selected. Thus, taking into consideration the filing countries, Japan, Brazil and the United States led the patent deposits, with the first document filed in 1991 and the largest number of applications in the years 2000 and 2010. The data concerning the international patent classification are concentrated in subclass A61K, which deals with preparations for medical, dental or hygienic purposes. These results demonstrated the therapeutic and technological potential of the Mikania species and thus which can be evidenced the potential of this study.

scholarly journals Effect of Technical Domains and Patent Structure on Patent Information Retrieval

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6067-6074
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Performance ◽  
Patent Retrieval ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Patent Information ◽  
Prior Art ◽  
Retrieval Systems ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Intellectual Assets

Patents are critical intellectual assets for any competitive business. With ever increasing patent filings, effective patent prior art search has become an inevitably important task in patent retrieval which is a subfield of information retrieval (IR). The goal of the prior art search is to find and rank documents related to a query patent. Query formulation is a key step in prior art search in which patent structure is exploited to generate queries using various fields available in patent text. As patent encodes multiple technical domains, this work argues that technical domains and patent structure have their combined effect on the effectiveness of patent retrieval. The study uses international patent classification codes (IPC) to categorize query patents in eight technical domains and also explores eighteen different combination of patent fields to generate search queries. A total of 144 extensive retrieval experiments have been carried out using BM25 ranking algorithm. Retrieval performance is evaluated in terms of recall score of top 1000 records. Empirical results support our assumption. A two-way analysis of variance is also conducted to validate the hypotheses. The findings of this work may be helpful for patent information retrieval professionals to develop domain specific patent retrieval systems exploiting the patent structure.

scholarly journals New therapeutic patents used for the treatment of leprosy: a review

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (14) ◽  
pp. 1746-1749 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nayara Gomes Lima Santos ◽  
Karen Perez Pereira Ramos ◽  
Saravanan Shanmugam ◽  
Fernanda Oliveira de Carvalho ◽  
Luciana Garcez Barreto Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Peripheral Neuropathies ◽  
Loss Of Function ◽  
Cutaneous Lesions ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Human Needs ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Different Types ◽  
New Treatment

AbstractLeprosy is a granulomatous disease, infectious and transmissible, which affects the skin and peripheral nerves, havingMycobacterium lepraeas causative agent. The manifestation of this disease causes cutaneous lesions, peripheral neuropathies and, in more extreme cases, may generate deformities and disabilities in affected individuals. Patents were identified using the descriptor ‘leprosy’ and code A61K of the international patent classification, which indicates only products that meet human needs. The analysis was made using theWIPO,ESPACENETandUSPTOdatabases, until the month of September 2016. Through this review, we found a variety of in vitro, pre-clinical and clinical studies relating to the treatment of leprosy with different types of compounds and forms of administration. New treatment proposals should include pain reduction capabilities, prevention or limitation of the appearance of cutaneous lesions, as well as prevention of the progression of the disease to more severe stages that may lead to loss of function or potentiate the individual's immune response to theM. lepraebacillus in order to prevent bacterial spread. We concluded that any patents developed with natural products were not found in the treatment of leprosy. All the deposited products were synthetic origin, mostly tested in humans and of varied forms of administration.

Patents as a Competitive Advantage? Analysis of the German Watch Manufacturer Junghans

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150008
Author(s):  
Katharina Stolz
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Research Design ◽  
High Technology ◽  
Business Success ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Luxury Goods ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Patent Applications ◽  
Luxury Industry

This paper investigates the relevance of patents as a competitive advantage with regard to the luxury industry. Within the framework of an explorative research design, more than two thousand patents were analyzed, using the international patent classification (IPC) to cluster those patents. The analysis shows that the sole ownership of patents as a resource is not sufficient to achieve business success. In addition, the findings suggest a two-sided relevance of patents within the luxury goods industry as two main groups can be identified: First, traditional manufacturers focusing more on craftmanship, secrecy, and tradition than on novelties and patents. Second, large business groups and high technology businesses dominating the IPC group G04 and emphasizing on the latest technology as well as on patents. Furthermore, the internationalization is also reflected in the patent applications: European patents within category G04 have gained in importance over the last 20 years, while national patents have declined.

Analysis of International Patent Applications for Inventions Like Traditional Herbal Medicines

2022 ◽  
pp. 532-542
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Ameeta Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Patent Office ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Cooperation Treaty ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Patent Search ◽  
Classification Code ◽  
International Patent ◽  
Search Tool ◽  
Patent Applications

Numerous applications have been filed for patents based on bio-inventions in the Indian patent office. Although there is not any international patent, there is a system of international patent applications whereby the applicant may designate name of countries where they wish to file application for patents nationally. According to international patent classification, the concern class for such a patent applications is A61K36/00. More particularly, the international class (IC) A61K36/00 relates to medicinal preparations of undetermined constitution containing material from algae, lichens, fungi or plants, or derivatives thereof (e.g., traditional herbal medicines). International applications filings under patent cooperation treaty (PCT) for patent purposes can be accessed at the Patentscope (patent search tool of WIPO). All international patent applications for such TK-based inventions have been accessed online at Patentscope using the classification code A61K36 for this study.

scholarly journals A Study on Trend Analysis of Applicants Based on Patent Classification Systems

Information ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 364 ◽  
Author(s):  
Soohyeon Chae ◽  
Jangwon Gim
Keyword(s):  
Intellectual Property Rights ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Classification Systems ◽  
International Patent Classification ◽  
Ripple Effects ◽  
Patent Classification ◽  
Proposed Model ◽  
International Patent ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Common

In recent times, with the development of science and technology, new technologies have been rapidly emerging, and innovators are making efforts to acquire intellectual property rights to preserve their competitive advantage as well as to enhance innovative competitiveness. As a result, the number of patents being acquired increases exponentially every year, and the social and economic ripple effects of developed technologies are also increasing. Now, innovators are focusing on evaluating existing technologies to develop more valuable ones. However, existing patent analysis studies mainly focus on discovering core technologies amongst the technologies derived from patents or analyzing trend changes for specific techniques; the analysis of innovators who develop such core technologies is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a model for analyzing the technical inventions of applicants based on patent classification systems such as international patent classification (IPC) and cooperative patent classification (CPC). Through the proposed model, the common invention patterns of applicants are extracted and used to analyze their technical inventions. The proposed model shows that patent classification systems can be used to extract the trends in applicants’ technological inventions and to track changes in their innovative patterns.

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