National Wind Technology Center-Characterization of Atmospheric Conditions

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Hamilton ◽  
Mithu C Debnath
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Technology Center

Observations and Analyses of the 9 January 2018 Debris-Flow Disaster, Santa Barbara County, California

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-27
Author(s):  
Jeremy T. Lancaster ◽  
Brian J. Swanson ◽  
Stefani G. Lukashov ◽  
Nina S. Oakley ◽  
Jacob B. Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Debris Flow ◽  
Debris Flows ◽  
Extreme Rainfall ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Santa Barbara ◽  
Debris Removal ◽  
Fire Debris ◽  
Santa Barbara County ◽  
Coastal Land

ABSTRACT The post–Thomas Fire debris flows of 9 January 2018 killed 23 people, damaged 558 structures, and caused severe damage to infrastructure in Montecito and Carpinteria, CA. U.S. Highway 101 was closed for 13 days, significantly impacting transportation and commerce in the region. A narrow cold frontal rain band generated extreme rainfall rates within the western burn area, triggering runoff-driven debris flows that inundated 5.6 km2 of coastal land in eastern Santa Barbara County. Collectively, this series of debris flows is comparable in magnitude to the largest documented post-fire debris flows in the state and cost over a billion dollars in debris removal and damages to homes and infrastructure. This study summarizes observations and analyses on the extent and magnitude of inundation areas, debris-flow velocity and volume, and sources of debris-flow material on the south flank of the Santa Ynez Mountains. Additionally, we describe the atmospheric conditions that generated intense rainfall and use precipitation data to compare debris-flow source areas with spatially associated peak 15 minute rainfall amounts. We then couple the physical characterization of the event with a compilation of debris-flow damages to summarize economic impacts.

scholarly journals ASDToolkit: A Novel MATLAB Processing Toolbox for ASD Field Spectroscopy Data

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Elmer ◽  
Raymond Soffer ◽  
J. Pablo Arroyo-Mora ◽  
Margaret Kalacska
Keyword(s):  
Individual Characteristics ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Current Effort ◽  
Data Product ◽  
Field Spectroscopy ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Solar Position ◽  
Derived Data

Over the past 30 years, the use of field spectroscopy has risen in importance in remote sensing studies for the characterization of the surface reflectance of materials in situ within a broad range of applications. Potential uses range from measurements of individual targets of interest (e.g. vegetation, soils, validation targets etc.), to characterizing the contributions of different materials within larger spatially-mixed areas as would be representative of the spatial resolution captured by a sensor pixel (UAV to satellite scale). As such, it is essential that a complete and rigorous assessment of both the data-acquisition procedures, and the suitability of the derived data product be carried out. The measured energy from solar-reflected range spectroradiometers is influenced by the viewing and illumination geometries and the illumination conditions which vary due to changes in solar position and atmospheric conditions. By applying corrections, the estimated absolute reflectance (Rabs) of targets can be calculated. This property is independent of illumination intensity or conditions and is the metric commonly suggested to be used to compare spectra even when data are collected by different sensors or acquired under different conditions. By standardizing the process of estimated Rabs, as is provided in the described toolkit, consistency and repeatability in processing are ensured and the otherwise labor intensive and error-prone processing steps are streamlined. The resultant end data product (Rabs) represents our best current effort to generate consistent and comparable ground spectra which have been corrected for viewing and illumination geometries as well as other factors such as the individual characteristics of the reference panel used during acquisition.

scholarly journals Characterization of odours emitted by liquid waste treatment plants (LWTPs)

2016 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-727 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Liquid Waste ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Exposed Population ◽  
Waste Treatment Plants ◽  
Odour Emissions ◽  
Definition Of

<p>Odour emissions from liquid waste treatment plants (LWTPs) generally cause significant effects on the environment in terms of nuisance to exposed population. The particular and complex nature of the mixture of the volatile substances, its variability in time and the strong influence of the atmospheric conditions, are the elements that delayed their regulation and relative management.</p> <p>Limited data are available in the technical and scientific literature, regarding the odour emissions characterization from liquid waste treatment plants. Moreover there isn’t a common strategy from the different European Countries in the regulation of their emissions.</p> <p>Different methods can be used to measure odour emissions from environmental engineering plants, and currently, in Europe, the most used techniques for odour emissions characterization and quantification is the dynamic olfactometry, according to EN 13725:2003.</p> <p>The aim of this study is the characterization of the odour emissions from different liquid waste treatment plants (LWTPs), trough a case study of two large real LWTPs, in order to identify the principal odour sources and to define their related odour emissions.</p> <p>Odour Concentration Index (OCI) is proposed as a useful and simply odour management tool for the identification of the priority actions necessary to identify and control the main odorous sources. Relationship between the measured odour emissions and the types of treated liquid waste (identified in terms of EWC code, COD and NH4<sup>+</sup>) is also discussed.</p> <p>Results show that the influent collection tank is the source with the highest detected odour emissions. OCI results are useful for the definition of a clear priority action for odour control, similar for both investigated plants. Between the characterized types of liquid waste treated by LWTPs the leachate (EWC 190703) show the maximum odour emissions.</p>

Characterization of a Lignite Ash from the METC Gasifier III. Correlations of Leaching Behavior and Mineralogy

1984 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Hassett ◽  
G. J. McCarthy ◽  
K. R. Henke ◽  
E. D. Korynta
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Major Elements ◽  
Energy Technology ◽  
Leaching Behavior ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Minor And Trace Elements ◽  
Size Fractions ◽  
Technology Center ◽  
Synthetic Groundwater

AbstractLignite gasification ash from the Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) gasifier was subiected to two short-term leaching treatments. The cnncentrations of regulated elements in the EPA EP procedure leachate from the bulk METC ash did not exceed the “EP Trigger Limits.” A modification of this procedure that uses a basic synthetic groundwater instead of the acid EP extractant was also performed on the bulk ash and its eleven size fractions. Water equilibria modeling was used to explain the concentrations of major elements in solution. Corcentrations of minor and trace elements in solution after leaching with synthetic groundwater were also below “EP Trigger Limits.”

Measurement of Suction in Materials Which Swell

1995 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 727-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
J. B. Burland
Keyword(s):  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Volume Expansion ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Indirect Methods ◽  
Indirect Measurements ◽  
External Stresses ◽  
Adjacent Soil ◽  
Characterization Of Materials ◽  
Wilting Point

Swelling is the process of volume expansion, usually brought about by the intake of water. One mechanism by which water can be drawn into a material is if the material has less water than it would like to have, a dry sponge is a typical example. The stress which a moisture deficient material can exert on an adjacent body of water is known as the suction. As water is absorbed into the material the affinity which the material has for the water decreases as does the suction in the material. Suction is very important in the characterization of materials (particularly soils) with a moisture deficiency, but its measurement is not easy to perform. In agriculture, the ability of crops to extract water from the soil is governed by the suction of the soil. In particular the plant has to overcome the affinity of the soil for water in order to feed. The suction at which the plant can no longer do this is known as the wilting point for obvious reasons. In engineering, the strength and volume of an unsaturated soil (one in which the spaces between adjacent soil particles are filled with a mixture of water and a gas) is characterized by a combination of the external stresses applied to the soil and the suction within the soil. It is principally these two fields which have been concerned with the measurement of the suction. However only a relatively few techniques have evolved which successfully measure the quantity and only one exists which is capable of making a direct measurement under atmospheric conditions. As a consequence of the lack of direct techniques it has been necessary to use indirect methods. Indirect measurements are classified as those which actually measure another quantity such as humidity, absorbtion or conductivity, which can then be converted to a measure of suction. Ridley (1993) has reviewed the available methods of suction measurement.

Blue And Yellow Light Emitting Phosphors For Thin Film Electroluminescent Displays

1994 ◽  
Vol 345 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul H. Holloway ◽  
J.-E. Yu ◽  
Phillip Rack ◽  
Joseph Sebastian ◽  
Sean Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Luminescence Spectra ◽  
Yellow Light ◽  
Light Emitting ◽  
Technology Center ◽  
Threshold Voltages ◽  
Passivation Layers ◽  
Sputter Deposited ◽  
20 Nm

AbstractFollowing a description of the purpose and participating members in the Phosphor Technology Center of Excellence, research on the growth and characterization of modulation doped ZnS:Mn and of Ca0.95Sr0.05Ga2S4:6%Ce are reported. ZnS:Mn has been grown using MOCVD and incorporation of Mn in 1 to 5 layers from 5 to 20 nm thick separated by layers of pure ZnS from 5 to 50 nm thick. This is shown to result in lower threshold voltages for ACTFELD displays. The luminescence spectra from sputter deposited, cerium-doped thiogallate thin films were measured and the diffusion of thin ZnS passivation layers versus temperature of heat treatment was discussed.

Fabrication and characterization of black TiO2 with different Ti3+ concentrations under atmospheric conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 366 ◽  
pp. 282-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sixiao Liu ◽  
Saisai Yuan ◽  
Qitao Zhang ◽  
Bin Xu ◽  
Chengyin Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Black Tio2 ◽  
Fabrication And Characterization

scholarly journals The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project (RFMIP): Experimental Protocol for CMIP6

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Pincus ◽  
Piers M. Forster ◽  
Bjorn Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Radiative Forcing ◽  
Complete Characterization ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Model Intercomparison ◽  
Anthropogenic Aerosol ◽  
Sea Ice Concentration ◽  
Tier 1 ◽  
Intercomparison Project ◽  
Effective Radiative Forcing

Abstract. The phrasing of the first of three questions motivating CMIP6 – "How does the Earth system respond to forcing?" – suggests that forcing is always well-known, but in fact forcing has historically been uncertain even in coordinated experiments such as CMIP. The Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Project endorsed by CMIP6 seeks to provide a foundation for answering the question for forcing and response through three related activities: (i) accurate characterization of the effective radiative forcing relative to a near pre-industrial baseline, and careful diagnosis of the components of this forcing; (ii) assessment of the absolute accuracy of clear-sky radiative transfer parameterizations against reference models on the global scales relevant for climate modeling; and (iii) identification of robust model responses to a tightly-specified aerosol radiative forcing from 1850 to present. Complete characterization of effective radiative forcing can be accomplished with 180 years (Tier 1) of atmosphere-only simulation using a sea-surface temperature and sea ice concentration climatology derived from the host model's pre-industrial control simulation. Assessment of parameterization error requires trivial amounts of computation but the development of small amounts of infrastructure: new, spectrally-detailed diagnostic output requested as two snapshots at present-day and preindustrial conditions, and results from the model's radiation code applied to specified atmospheric conditions. The search for robust responses to aerosol changes rely on the CMIP6 specification of anthropogenic aerosol properties; models using this specification can contribute to RFMIP with no additional simulation, while those using a full aerosol model are requested to perform at least one, and up to four, 165-year coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations at Tier 1.

scholarly journals Mineralogical and chemical characterization of CDW as function of particle size and thermal treatments for potential recycling

Detritus ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 40-50
Author(s):  
Ababaikere Abudureheman ◽  
Paola Stabile ◽  
Michael Robert Carroll ◽  
Carlo Santulli ◽  
Eleonora Paris
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Glass Industry ◽  
Central Italy ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Construction And Demolition Waste ◽  
Thermal Treatments ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Demolition Waste

Construction and Demolition Waste (CDW) originating from the rubble produced by the 2016 seismic events in the Marche Region (Central Italy) has been studied, focusing on its mineralogical and chemical characteristics, to investigate its recycling potentials as a component for eco-sustainable building material or in the glass industry. The aim was to obtain a full characterization of the behaviour of this material at high T in order to determine the most advantageous conditions for vitrification, considered as an effective process for volume reduction as well as for immobilization of potentially hazardous elements. Vitrification experiments, carried out with thermal treatments as function of temperature/duration/particle size and aimed at amorphization, were carried out under atmospheric conditions, at different temperatures (1000-1250°C) and durations (2-8 hours). The study demonstrated that mineralogical composition remains homogeneous for grainsize <4 mm, thus suggesting that no sieving is necessary for recycling of the fine fractions, which are the most difficult to treat. Vitrification, although not achieved for the CDW sample up to 1250°C, due to high-Ca and low-Si contents, demonstrated that this CDW can produce an interesting refractory material and a porous/insulating material. However, experiments showed that full vitrification can be easily achieved by mixing urban waste glass and CDW, suggesting applications in the glass industry. Based on the chemical and mineralogical features of the products, other significant upgrading alternatives of recycling the CDW in different fields of applications are highlighted.

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