State of the Art on Carbonic Anhydrase Modulators for Biomedical Purposes

2019 ◽  
Vol 26 (15) ◽  
pp. 2558-2573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Murat Bozdag ◽  
Abdulmalik Saleh Alfawaz Altamimi ◽  
Daniela Vullo ◽  
Claudiu T. Supuran ◽  
Fabrizio Carta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Hydration Reaction ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrases ◽  
Crucial Importance ◽  
Learning Impairments ◽  
Current Review ◽  
Potential Use

The current review is intended to highlight recent advances in the search of new and effective modulators of the metalloenzymes Carbonic Anhydrases (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) expressed in humans (h). CAs reversibly catalyze the CO2 hydration reaction, which is of crucial importance in the regulation of a plethora of fundamental processes at cellular level as well as in complex organisms. The first section of this review will be dedicated to compounds acting as activators of the hCAs (CAAs) and their promising effects on central nervous system affecting pathologies mainly characterized from memory and learning impairments. The second part will focus on the emerging chemical classes acting as hCA inhibitors (CAIs) and their potential use for the treatment of diseases.

scholarly journals The Past, Present and Future of Flow Cytometry in Central Nervous System Malignancies

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Evrysthenis Vartholomatos ◽  
George Vartholomatos ◽  
George A. Alexiou ◽  
Georgios S. Markopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Phenotypic Characterization ◽  
Cell Phenotype ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current Review

Central nervous system malignancies (CNSMs) are categorized among the most aggressive and deadly types of cancer. The low median survival in patients with CNSMs is partly explained by the objective difficulties of brain surgeries as well as by the acquired chemoresistance of CNSM cells. Flow Cytometry is an analytical technique with the ability to quantify cell phenotype and to categorize cell populations on the basis of their characteristics. In the current review, we summarize the Flow Cytometry methodologies that have been used to study different phenotypic aspects of CNSMs. These include DNA content analysis for the determination of malignancy status and phenotypic characterization, as well as the methodologies used during the development of novel therapeutic agents. We conclude with the historical and current utility of Flow Cytometry in the field, and we propose how we can exploit current and possible future methodologies in the battle against this dreadful type of malignancy.

Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology

2021 ◽  
pp. 725-852
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Vertebrae ◽  
Lymphatic Vessels ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Cellular Level ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Emotion Memory ◽  
Different Cell Types

‘Neuroanatomy and neurophysiology’ covers the anatomy and organization of the central nervous system, including the skull and cervical vertebrae, the meninges, the blood and lymphatic vessels, muscles and nerves of the head and neck, and the structures of the eye, ear, and central nervous system. At a cellular level, the different cell types and the mechanism of transmission across synapses are considered, including excitatory and inhibitory synapses. This is followed by a review of the major control and sensory systems (including movement, information processing, locomotion, reflexes, and the main five senses of sight, hearing, touch, taste, and smell). The integration of these processes into higher functions (such as sleep, consciousness and coma, emotion, memory, and ageing) is discussed, along with the causes and treatments of disorders of diseases such as depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, addiction, and degenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Microfluidic Technologies for Central Nervous System Targeted Studies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Maria Inês Teixeira ◽  
Maria Helena Amaral ◽  
Paulo C. Costa ◽  
Carla M. Lopes ◽  
Dimitrios A. Lamprou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Delivery ◽  
Reproducible Manner

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) bear a lot of weight in public health. By studying the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its fundamental interactions with the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible to improve the understanding of the pathological mechanisms behind these disorders and create new and better strategies to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency, such as nanocarriers. Microfluidics is an intersectional field with many applications. Microfluidic systems can be an invaluable tool to accurately simulate the BBB microenvironment, as well as develop, in a reproducible manner, drug delivery systems with well-defined physicochemical characteristics. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances on microfluidic devices for CNS-targeted studies. Firstly, the importance of the BBB will be addressed, and different experimental BBB models will be briefly discussed. Subsequently, microfluidic-integrated BBB models (BBB/brain-on-a-chip) are introduced and the state of the art reviewed, with special emphasis on their use to study NDs. Additionally, the microfluidic preparation of nanocarriers and other compounds for CNS delivery has been covered. The last section focuses on current challenges and future perspectives of microfluidic experimentation.

scholarly journals High Mobility Group Box-1 and Diabetes Mellitus Complications: State of the Art and Future Perspectives

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (24) ◽  
pp. 6258 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biscetti ◽  
Rando ◽  
Nardella ◽  
Cecchini ◽  
Pecorini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
High Mobility Group ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Vascular Bed

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an endemic disease, with growing health and social costs. The complications of diabetes can affect potentially all parts of the human body, from the heart to the kidneys, peripheral and central nervous system, and the vascular bed. Although many mechanisms have been studied, not all players responsible for these complications have been defined yet. High Mobility Group Box-1 (HMGB1) is a non-histone nuclear protein that has been implicated in many pathological processes, from sepsis to ischemia. The purpose of this review is to take stock of all the most recent data available on the role of HMGB1 in the complications of DM.

Fetal MRI of the central nervous system: State-of-the-art

2017 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 273-283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucia Manganaro ◽  
Silvia Bernardo ◽  
Amanda Antonelli ◽  
Valeria Vinci ◽  
Matteo Saldari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Fetal Mri ◽  
System State ◽  
The Central Nervous System
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