Role of Peroxisome Proliferated Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) in Different Disease States: Recent Updates

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvadeep Mal ◽  
Ashish Ranjan Dwivedi ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Bhupinder Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Ppar Ligands

: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), a ligand dependant transcription factor, is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily. PPAR exists in three isoforms i.e. PPAR alpha (PPARα), PPAR beta (PPARβ), and PPAR gamma (PPARγ). These are multi-functional transcription factor and help in regulating inflammation, diabetes type 2, lipid concentration in the body, metastasis, and tumor growth or angiogenesis. Activation of PPARγ causes inhibition of growth of cultured human breast, gastric, lung, prostate, and other cancer cells. PPARγ is mainly involved in fatty acid storage, glucose metabolism, and homeostasis and adipogenesis regulation. A large number of natural and synthetic ligands bind to PPARγ and modulate its activity. Ligands such as thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone effectively bind to PPARγ however, most of these were found to display severe side effects such as hepatotoxicity, weight gain, cardiovascular complications and bladder tumor. Now the focus is shifted towards the development of dual-acting or pan PPAR ligands. The current review article describes the functions and role of PPARγ in various disease states. In addition, recently reported PPARγ ligands and pan PPAR ligands were discussed in detail. It is envisaged that the present review article may help in the development of potent PPAR ligands with no or minimal side effects.

scholarly journals PPAR Gamma and Viral Infections of the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8876
Author(s):  
Pierre Layrolle ◽  
Pierre Payoux ◽  
Stéphane Chavanas
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator of metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and cell cycle, and it has been extensively studied in the brain in relation to inflammation or neurodegeneration. Little is known however about its role in viral infections of the brain parenchyma, although they represent the most frequent cause of encephalitis and are a major threat for the developing brain. Specific to viral infections is the ability to subvert signaling pathways of the host cell to ensure virus replication and spreading, as deleterious as the consequences may be for the host. In this respect, the pleiotropic role of PPARγ makes it a critical target of infection. This review aims to provide an update on the role of PPARγ in viral infections of the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of PPARγ in brain or neural cells infected by immunodeficiency virus 1, Zika virus, or human cytomegalovirus. They have provided a better understanding on PPARγ functions in the infected brain, and revealed that it can be a double-edged sword with respect to inflammation, viral replication, or neuronogenesis. They unraveled new roles of PPARγ in health and disease and could possibly help designing new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Cytoprotection by PPAR Ligands

PPAR Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuji Naito ◽  
Tomohisa Takagi ◽  
Toshikazu Yoshikawa
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Cell Proliferation ◽  
Gastrointestinal Tract ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Gastrointestinal Inflammation ◽  
Ppar Ligands

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) is a nuclear receptor that is known to play a central role in lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity as well as inflammation and cell proliferation. According to the results obtained from studies on several animal models of gastrointestinal inflammation, PPAR has been implicated in the regulation of the immune response, particularly inflammation control, and has gained importance as a potential therapeutic target in the management of gastrointestinal inflammation. In the present paper, we present the current knowledge on the role of PPAR ligands in the gastrointestinal tract.

Transcriptional dysregulation in Huntington’s Disease. The role in pathogenesis and potency for pharmacological targeting.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Pogoda ◽  
Natalia Chmielewska ◽  
Piotr Maciejak ◽  
Janusz Szyndler
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Huntington's Disease ◽  
Huntington’S Disease ◽  
Neurodegenerative Disorder ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Molecular Manipulation

: Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disorder caused by a mutation in the gene that encodes a critical cell regulatory protein, huntingtin (Htt). The expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) trinucleotide repeats causes improper folding of functional proteins and is an initial trigger of pathological changes in the brain. Recent research has indicated that the functional dysregulation of many transcription factors underlies the neurodegenerative processes that accompany HD. These disturbances are caused not only by the loss of wild-type Htt (WT Htt) function but also by the occurrence of abnormalities that result from the action of mutant Htt (mHtt). In this review, we aim to describe the role of transcription factors that are currently thought to be strongly associated with HD pathogenesis, namely, RE1-silencing transcription factor, also known as neuron-restrictive silencer factor (REST/NRSF), forkhead box proteins (FOXPs), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1a (PGC1α), heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), and nuclear factor κ light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB). We also take into account the role of these factors in the phenotype of HD as well as potential pharmacological interventions targeting the analyzed proteins. Furthermore, we considered whether molecular manipulation resulting in changes in transcription factor function may have clinical potency for treating HD.

ROLE OF ENDOGENOUS PEROXISOME PROLIFERATOR-ACTIVATED RECEPTOR-?? (PPAR-??) LIGANDS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GUT ISCHEMIA AND REPERFUSION IN MICE

Shock ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmelo Mui?? ◽  
Emanuela Mazzon ◽  
Concetta Crisafulli ◽  
Rosanna Di Paola ◽  
Tiziana Genovese ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Ischemia And Reperfusion ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Ppar Ligands

scholarly journals The Paired Box-8/Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ Oncogene in Thyroid Tumorigenesis

Endocrinology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 148 (3) ◽  
pp. 932-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honey V. Reddi ◽  
Bryan McIver ◽  
Stefan K. G. Grebe ◽  
Norman L. Eberhardt
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Thyroid Cancer ◽  
Follicular Thyroid Carcinoma ◽  
Chromosomal Translocation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Fusion Event ◽  
Cancer Society ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor

The American Cancer Society estimates 30,180 new cases of thyroid cancer in the United States in 2006. Of all thyroid cancers, 15–20% are follicular thyroid carcinoma (FTC), making this the second most common thyroid malignancy (after papillary carcinoma). A proportion of FTC has been found to be associated with a chromosomal translocation, t (2, 3)(q13;p25), which fuses the thyroid-specific transcription factor paired box-8 with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ nuclear receptor, a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor. This fusion event causes expression of a paired box-8/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ fusion protein (PPFP). PPFP is detected in approximately 30% of FTC. In this report we review data on the role of PPFP in FTC, its mechanism of oncogenesis, and PPFP targeting as a strategy in thyroid cancer treatment.

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