scholarly journals PPAR Gamma and Viral Infections of the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (16) ◽  
pp. 8876
Author(s):  
Pierre Layrolle ◽  
Pierre Payoux ◽  
Stéphane Chavanas
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Brain Parenchyma ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Neural Cells ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Health And Disease ◽  
The Brain

Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a master regulator of metabolism, adipogenesis, inflammation and cell cycle, and it has been extensively studied in the brain in relation to inflammation or neurodegeneration. Little is known however about its role in viral infections of the brain parenchyma, although they represent the most frequent cause of encephalitis and are a major threat for the developing brain. Specific to viral infections is the ability to subvert signaling pathways of the host cell to ensure virus replication and spreading, as deleterious as the consequences may be for the host. In this respect, the pleiotropic role of PPARγ makes it a critical target of infection. This review aims to provide an update on the role of PPARγ in viral infections of the brain. Recent studies have highlighted the involvement of PPARγ in brain or neural cells infected by immunodeficiency virus 1, Zika virus, or human cytomegalovirus. They have provided a better understanding on PPARγ functions in the infected brain, and revealed that it can be a double-edged sword with respect to inflammation, viral replication, or neuronogenesis. They unraveled new roles of PPARγ in health and disease and could possibly help designing new therapeutic strategies.

scholarly journals From Exercise to Cognitive Performance: Role of Irisin

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (15) ◽  
pp. 7120
Author(s):  
Mirko Pesce ◽  
Irene La Fratta ◽  
Teresa Paolucci ◽  
Alfredo Grilli ◽  
Antonia Patruno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
The Elderly ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
General Exercise ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Fibronectin Type Iii Domain ◽  
The Brain

The beneficial effects of exercise on the brain are well known. In general, exercise offers an effective way to improve cognitive function in all ages, particularly in the elderly, who are considered the most vulnerable to neurodegenerative disorders. In this regard, myokines, hormones secreted by muscle in response to exercise, have recently gained attention as beneficial mediators. Irisin is a novel exercise-induced myokine, that modulates several bodily processes, such as glucose homeostasis, and reduces systemic inflammation. Irisin is cleaved from fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5), a transmembrane precursor protein expressed in muscle under the control of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). The FNDC5/irisin system is also expressed in the hippocampus, where it stimulates the expression of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor in this area that is associated with learning and memory. In this review, we aimed to discuss the role of irisin as a key mediator of the beneficial effects of exercise on synaptic plasticity and memory in the elderly, suggesting its roles within the main promoters of the beneficial effects of exercise on the brain.

Ketogenic Diet and PPARgamma

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy A. Simeone
Keyword(s):  
Ketogenic Diet ◽  
Refractory Epilepsy ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Potential Therapeutic Target ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Nuclear Transcription Factor ◽  
Inflammatory Processes ◽  
The Brain

The ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective therapy for many patients with refractory epilepsy. It engages a wide array of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory processes and improves mitochondrial function, which is thought to underlie its neuroprotective, antiseizure, and disease-modifying effects. Potential roles of ketone bodies in these mechanisms are discussed elsewhere in this volume. This chapter focuses on the role of KD fatty acids as potential ligands for the nutritionally regulated nuclear transcription factor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma). PPARgamma regulates many of the pathways identified in the mechanism of the KD and, in recent years, has become a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. This chapter reviews what is known concerning PPARgamma in the brain, the evidence that PPARgamma has neuroprotective and antiseizure properties, and the evidence suggesting that PPARgamma may be involved in the antiseizure mechanisms of the ketogenic diet.

Advances in PPARs Molecular Dynamics and Glitazones as a Repurposing Therapeutic Strategy through Mitochondrial Redox Dynamics against Neurodegeneration

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priya Durai ◽  
Narasimha M. Beeraka ◽  
Hemanth Vikram ◽  
Prakash Krishnan ◽  
Pranesh Gudur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurodegenerative Diseases ◽  
Mitochondrial Dynamics ◽  
Redox System ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Therapeutic Effects ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Brain Physiology ◽  
The Brain

: Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs) activity exhibit significant implications for the development of novel therapeutic modalities against neurodegenerative diseases. PPAR-α, PPAR-β/δ, and PPAR-γ nuclear receptors expression are significantly reported in the brain, their implications in brain physiology and other neurodegenerative diseases still require extensive studies. PPAR signaling can modulate various cell signaling mechanisms involved inside the cells contributing to on- and -off target actions selectively to promote therapeutic effects as well as the adverse effects of PPAR ligands. Both natural and synthetic ligands for the PPARα, PPARγ, and PPARβ/δ have been reported. PPARα (WY 14.643) and PPARγ agonists can confer neuroprotection by modulating mitochondrial dynamics through the redox system. The pharmacological effect of these agonists may deliver effective clinical responses by protecting vulnerable neurons to Aβ toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patients. Therefore, the current review delineated the ligands interaction with 3D- PPARs to modulate neuroprotection and also deciphered the efficacy of numerous drugs viz., Aβ aggregation inhibitors, vaccines, and γ-secretase inhibitors against AD; this review elucidated the role of PPAR and their receptor isoforms in neural systems, and neurodegeneration in human beings. Further, we have substantially discussed the efficacy of PPREs as potent transcription factors in the brain, and the role of PPAR agonists in neurotransmission, PPAR gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α), and mitochondrial dynamics in neuroprotection during AD conditions. This review concludes with the statement; development of novel PPARs agonists may benefit patients with neurodegeneration mainly in AD patients to mitigate the pathophysiology & dementia subsequently to improve overall patient’s quality of life.

Role of Peroxisome Proliferated Activated Receptor gamma (PPARγ) in Different Disease States: Recent Updates

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suvadeep Mal ◽  
Ashish Ranjan Dwivedi ◽  
Vijay Kumar ◽  
Naveen Kumar ◽  
Bhupinder Kumar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Ppar Gamma ◽  
Review Article ◽  
The Body ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Ppar Ligands

: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), a ligand dependant transcription factor, is a member of nuclear receptor superfamily. PPAR exists in three isoforms i.e. PPAR alpha (PPARα), PPAR beta (PPARβ), and PPAR gamma (PPARγ). These are multi-functional transcription factor and help in regulating inflammation, diabetes type 2, lipid concentration in the body, metastasis, and tumor growth or angiogenesis. Activation of PPARγ causes inhibition of growth of cultured human breast, gastric, lung, prostate, and other cancer cells. PPARγ is mainly involved in fatty acid storage, glucose metabolism, and homeostasis and adipogenesis regulation. A large number of natural and synthetic ligands bind to PPARγ and modulate its activity. Ligands such as thiazolidinedione, troglitazone, rosiglitazone, pioglitazone effectively bind to PPARγ however, most of these were found to display severe side effects such as hepatotoxicity, weight gain, cardiovascular complications and bladder tumor. Now the focus is shifted towards the development of dual-acting or pan PPAR ligands. The current review article describes the functions and role of PPARγ in various disease states. In addition, recently reported PPARγ ligands and pan PPAR ligands were discussed in detail. It is envisaged that the present review article may help in the development of potent PPAR ligands with no or minimal side effects.

scholarly journals Mutations on a novel brain-specific isoform of PGC1α leads to extensive upregulation of neurotransmitter-related genes and sexually dimorphic motor deficits in mice

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oswaldo A. Lozoya ◽  
Fuhua Xu ◽  
Dagoberto Grenet ◽  
Tianyuan Wang ◽  
Korey D. Stevanovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Repetitive Sequences ◽  
Motor Deficits ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor ◽  
Peripheral Tissues ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Simple Sequence

AbstractThe peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma co-activator 1 alpha (PGC1α) is known as a transcriptional co-activator in peripheral tissues but its function in the brain remains poorly understood. Various brain-specific Pgc1α isoforms have been reported in mice and humans, including transcripts derived from a novel promoter about ∼580 Kb upstream from the reference gene. These isoforms incorporate repetitive sequences from the simple sequence repeat (SSR) and short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) classes and are predicted to give rise to proteins with distinct amino-termini. In this study, we show that a SINE-containing isoform is the predominant form of Pgc1α expressed in neurons. We then generated a mouse carrying a mutation within the SINE to study its functional role in the brain. By combining genomics, biochemical and behavioural approaches, we show that this mutation leads to impaired motor coordination in females, but not male mice, associated with the upregulation of hundreds of cerebellar genes. Moreover, our analysis suggests that known nuclear receptors interact with this isoform of PGC1α in the brain to carry out the female transcriptional program. These data expand our knowledge on the role of Pgc1α in the brain and help explain its conflicting roles in neurological disease and behavioural outcomes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document