Vascular inflammation in cardiovascular disease: Is Immune system protective or bystander

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khalid Muhammad ◽  
Mohammed Akli Ayoub ◽  
Rabah Iratni
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Vascular Inflammation ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Plasma Lipoproteins ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors ◽  
B Cell Subsets

: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is one of the leading cause of death worldwide. Chronic atherosclerosis induced vascular inflammation and perturbation of lipid metabolism is believed to be a major cause of CVD. Interplay of innate and adaptive Immune system has been interwined with various risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in CVD. A large body of evidences indicate a correlation between immunity and atherosclerosis. Retention of plasma lipoproteins in arterial subendothelial wall trigger the T helper type 1 (Th1) cells and monocytederived macrophages to form atherosclerotic plaques. In the present review, we will discuss pathogenesis of CVD in relation to atherosclerosis with particular focus on pro-atherogenic role of immune cells. Recent findings have also suggested anti-atherogenic roles of different B cell subsets. Therapeutic approaches to target the atherosclerosis risk factors have reduced the mortality but a need exists for the novel therapies to treat arterial vascular inflammation. These insights into the immune pathogenesis of atherosclerosis can lead to new targeted therapeutics to abate cardiovascular mortality and morbidity.

Immunosuppressant Drugs And Covid-19: Associated Risks, Drug-Drug Interactions & Contraindications

Coronaviruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 02 ◽  
Author(s):  
Debjyoti Talukdar ◽  
Diane Ignacio ◽  
Madan Mohan Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Drug Interactions ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Organ Transplant ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organizations ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

: Immunosuppressant drugs like Etanercept, Mycophenolate mofetil, Sirolimus, Cyclosporine and Rituximab can weaken the immune system and make patients susceptible to SARS nCoV-2 virus. These drugs make immunocompromised persons more vulnerable to complications associated with COVID-19. Moreover, it can also increase mortality and morbidity, as a weakened immune system can lead to a longer duration of infection. This study discusses the guidelines on immunosuppressant drugs and its associated risk factors with COVID-19, issued by the U.S CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention), WHO (World Health Organization), U.S FDA (Food and Drug Administration) and other accredited global health organizations. Moreover, it also includes information about pharmaceutical properties, mechanism of action, COVID-19 associated risk factors, adverse drug reactions, contraindications and drug-drug interactions. Our study will help government partners and international health organizations to better understand COVID-19 health risks associated with immunosuppressants. Increased public awareness about effective drug therapy for autoimmune diseases, cancer treatment, immunocompromised and organ transplant patients will help lower the mortality and morbidity associated with the disease amid COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Roles and Clinical Applications of Exosomes in Cardiovascular Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dong Guo ◽  
Yuerong Xu ◽  
Jian Ding ◽  
Jiaying Dong ◽  
Ning Jia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Bilayer Membrane ◽  
Therapeutic Agents ◽  
Therapeutic Strategies ◽  
Signal Molecules ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Causes Of Mortality ◽  
Bioactive Agents

Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic strategies, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is still among the leading causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Exosomes, extracellular vesicles with a lipid bilayer membrane of endosomal origin, have been the focus of a large body of research in CVD. Exosomes not only serve as carriers for signal molecules responsible for intercellular and interorgan communication underlying CVD pathophysiology but also are bioactive agents which are partly responsible for the therapeutic effect of stem cell therapy of CVD. We here review recent insights gained into the role of exosomes in apoptosis, hypertrophy, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and inflammation in CVD pathophysiology and progression and the application and mechanisms of exosomes as therapeutic agents for CVD.

scholarly journals The FLUENT study design: investigating immune cell subset and neurofilament changes in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis treated with fingolimod

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 205521731881924 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey A Cohen ◽  
Amit Bar-Or ◽  
Bruce A C Cree ◽  
Yang Mao-Draayer ◽  
May H Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cell Subset ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Study Cohort ◽  
Open Label ◽  
Receptor Modulator ◽  
Circulating Lymphocytes ◽  
B Cell Subsets

Background Fingolimod is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator for the treatment of patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (RMS). Fingolimod sequesters lymphocytes within lymphoid tissue thereby reducing the counts of circulating lymphocytes. However, fingolimod’s effects on the innate and adaptive components of the immune system are incompletely understood. Objective The FLUENT study will investigate temporal changes in circulating immune cell subsets in patients with RMS treated with fingolimod. Secondary objectives include examining the association between anti-John Cunningham virus (JCV) antibody status/index and phenotypic changes in innate and T and B cell subsets in patients on fingolimod therapy, and the association between serum neurofilament levels and clinical outcomes. Methods FLUENT is a prospective, multicenter, two-cohort, nonrandomized, open-label Phase IV study. Cohort 1 will include fingolimod-naïve patients and Cohort 2 will include patients who have received fingolimod 0.5 mg/day continuously for ≥2 years. Changes in the cellular components of the innate and adaptive immune system will be characterized over 12 months. Results The study is ongoing. Conclusion FLUENT may provide evidence for the use of immunologic profiling in predicting efficacy and risk of infection in patients with RMS treated with fingolimod.

scholarly journals Intracerebral Hemorrhage Leads to Infiltration of Several Leukocyte Populations with Concomitant Pathophysiological Changes

2008 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew C Loftspring ◽  
Jeremiah McDole ◽  
Aigang Lu ◽  
Joseph F Clark ◽  
Aaron J Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Flow Cytometry ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Intracerebral Hemorrhage ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
Fold Increase ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Stroke Subtype ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a stroke subtype with high rates of mortality and morbidity. The immune system, particularly complement and cytokine signaling, has been implicated in brain injury after ICH. However, the cellular immunology associated with ICH has been understudied. In this report, we use flow cytometry to quantitatively profile immune cell populations that infiltrate the brain 1 and 4 days post-ICH. At 1 day CD45hi GR-1+ cells were increased 2.0-fold compared with saline controls ( P ≤ 0.05); however, we did not observe changes in any other cell populations analyzed. At 4 days ICH mice presented with a 2.4-fold increase in CD45hi cells, a 1.9-fold increase in CD45hi GR-1 cells, a 3.4-fold increase in CD45hi GR-1+ cells, and most notably, a 1.7-fold increase in CD4+ cells ( P ≤ 0.05 for all groups), compared with control mice. We did not observe changes in the numbers of CD8+ cells or CD45lo cells ( P = 0.43 and 0.49, respectively). Thus, we have shown the first use of flow cytometry to analyze leukocyte infiltration in response to ICH. Our finding of a CD4 T-cell infiltrate is novel and suggests a role for the adaptive immune system in the response to ICH.

scholarly journals No evidence of association between Atherosclerosis, risk factors for cardiovascular disease and human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1(HTLV-1) infection

Retrovirology ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Glauco Moniz de Aragão Dória ◽  
Viviana Olavarria Gallazzi ◽  
Ney Boa-Sorte ◽  
Maria Fernanda Rios Grassi ◽  
Bernardo Galvão-Castro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Virus Type ◽  
Human T Cell ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk ◽  
Atherosclerosis Risk Factors

Relationship between Hyperlipidemia, Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: a Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aladeen Alloubani ◽  
Refat Nimer ◽  
Rama Samara
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Cardiovascular Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Prognostic Significance ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Cholesterol Concentration ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
The Impact

Background:: Globally, dyslipidemia has been shown to be an independent predictor of many cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events, which lead to recent advocacy towards dyslipidemia prevention and control as a key risk factor and its prognostic significance to reduce the burden of stroke and myocardial infarction. Aim:: This study aimed to evaluate hyperlipidemia as a risk factor connected with stroke and CVD. Moreover, having identified this risk factor, the study evaluates how hyperlipidemia has been examined earlier and what can be done in the future. Methods:: All prospective studies concerning hyperlipidemia as risk factors for stroke and CVD were identified by a search of PubMed/MEDLINE and EMBASE databases with keywords hyperlipidemia, risk factors, stroke, and cardiovascular disease. Results:: The constant positive association between the incidence of coronary heart disease and cholesterol concentration of LDL is apparent in observational studies in different populations. Thus, the reduction of LDL cholesterol in those populations, particularly with regard to initial cholesterol concentrations, can reduce the risk of vascular diseases. However, the impact of using lipid-lowering drugs, such as statins, has been demonstrated in several studies as an important factor in decreasing the mortality and morbidity in rates of patients with stroke and CVD. Conclusion:: After reviewing all the research mentioned in this review, it can be confirmed that hyperlipidemia is a risk factor for stroke and correlated in patients with CVD.

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