Catalytic Upgrading of Biomass and its Model Compounds for Fuel Production

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-529 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aiguo Wang ◽  
Danielle Austin ◽  
Hua Song
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Feasibility Studies ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Negative Environmental Impact ◽  
Direct Use

The heavy dependence on fossil fuels raises many concerns on unsustainability and negative environmental impact. Biomass valorization to sustainable chemicals and fuels is an attractive strategy to reduce the reliance on fossil fuel sources. Gasification, liquefaction and pyrolysis are the main thermochemical technologies for biomass conversion. Gasification occurs at high temperature and yields the gas (syngas) as the main product. Liquefaction is conducted at low temperature but high pressure, which mainly produces liquid product with high quality. Biomass pyrolysis is performed at a moderate temperature and gives a primarily liquid product (bio-oil). However, the liquid product from biomass conversion is not advantageous for direct use as a fuel. Compared to liquefaction, pyrolysis is favorable when the aim is to produce the maximum amount of the liquid product from the biomass. Hydrotreating for bio-oil upgrading requires a large amount of expensive hydrogen, making this process costly. Catalytic cracking of bio-oil to reduce the oxygen content leads to a low H/C ratio. Methanolysis is a novel process that utilizes methane instead of hydrogen for biomass conversion. The feasibility studies show that this approach is quite promising. The original complexity of biomass and variation in composition make the composition of the product from biomass conversion unpredictable. Model compounds are employed to better understand the reaction mechanism and develop an optimal catalyst for obtaining the desired product. The major thermochemical technologies and the mechanism based on model compound investigations are reviewed in the article.

scholarly journals Synthesis of diesel-like hydrocarbon from Jatropha oil through catalytic pyrolysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Bambang Heru Susanto ◽  
Muhammad Nasikin ◽  
Ayuko Cheeryo Sinaga ◽  
F Fransisca
Keyword(s):  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Growth Inhibitor ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Heating Method ◽  
Solid Catalysts ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Alternative Solutions

Due to economical, social and ecological reason, several studies have been done in order to obtain alternative fuel sources. In this respect, fermentation, trans-esterification and pyrolysis if biomass have been proposed as alternative solutions. Among these different approaches, pyrolysis seems to be a simple and efficient method fuel production. Pyrolysis, assisted by solid catalysts, has also been reported and it was recognized that the product selectivity is strongly affected by the presence and the nature of heterogeneous catalysts. The catalytic pyrolysis of straight Jathropha curcas oil (SJO) over nanocrystalline NiO/Al2O33 at 475 OC was studied. NiO/Al2O3 catalyst was used in pyrolysis for purpose of selectively cracking of triglyceride. Nanocrystalline NiO/Al2O3 was prepared by simple heating method with polymer solution as growth inhibitor. The liquid product (bio-oil) were analyzed by GC-FID and FTIR, showing the formation of carboxylic acids, paraffin, olefins, and ketones. Measured physical properties of bio-oil is comparable to those specified for diesel oil. Keywords: SJO, nanocrystalline, simple heating method, catalytic pyrolysis, bio-oilAbstrakAdanya pertimbangan keekonomian, sosial, dan ekologi, menyebabkan dilakukannya penelitian guna mendapatkan sumber bahan bakar alternatif. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, maka reaksi-reaksi seperti permentasi, transesterifikasi dan pirolisis dari biomasa telah digunakan sebagai alternatif solusi. Diantara pendekatan-pendekatan yang berbeda tersebut, pirolisis merupakan metode yang sederhana dan efesien untuk menghasilkan bahan bakar. Pirolisis, yang dibantu dengan katalis padat, telah juga dilaporkan dan diketahui bahwa selektifitas produknya sangat dipengaruhi oleh kehadiran dan sifat dari katalis-katalis heterogen yang digunakan. Pirolisis berkatalis dari minyak jarak pagar (straight Jathropha curcas oil, SJO) melalui nanokristal NiO/Al2O3 pada suhu 475 OC telah dilakukan percobaanya. Katalis NiO/Al2O3 digunakan dalam pirolisis dengan tujuan untuk perengkahan selektif dari trigliserida. Nanokristal NiO/Al2O3 dibuat dengan menggunakan metode simple heating dengan pelarut polimer sebagai penghambat pertumbuhan. Produk cair yang dihasilkan (bio-oil) telah dianalisa dengan menggunakan GC-FID dan FTIR, memperlihatkan adanyanya gugus asam-asam karboksilat, parafin, olefin dan keton. Sifat fisik yang diukur dari biooil dapat diperbandingkan kesetaraanya dengan spesifikasi dari minyak solar.Kata kunci: SJO, nanokristal, metode simple heating, pirolisis berkatalis, bio-oil

scholarly journals Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil from Saccharina japonica Alga for Bio-Oil Upgrading

Catalysts ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1043
Author(s):  
Hoang Vu Ly ◽  
Jinsoo Kim ◽  
Hyun Tae Hwang ◽  
Jae Hyung Choi ◽  
Hee Chul Woo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Carbon Number ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Saccharina Japonica ◽  
Metal Phosphide ◽  
High Oxygen Content ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Promising Solution

Biomass conversion via pyrolysis has been regarded as a promising solution for bio-oil production. Compared to fossil fuels, however, the pyrolysis bio-oils from biomass are corrosive and unstable due to relatively high oxygen content. Thus, an upgrading of bio-oil is required to reduce O component while improving stability in order to use it directly as fuel sources or in industrial processes for synthesizing chemicals. The catalytic hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is considered as one of the promising methods for upgrading pyrolysis bio-oil. In this research, the HDO was studied for various catalysts (HZSM-5, metal, and metal-phosphide catalysts) to improve the quality of bio-oil produced by fast pyrolysis of Saccharina japonica (SJ) in a fluidized-bed reactor. The HDO processing was carried out in an autoclave at 350 °C and different initial pressures (3, 6, and 15 bar). During HDO, the oxygen species in the bio-oil was removed primarily via formation of CO2 and H2O. Among the gases produced through HDO, CO2 was observed to be most abundant. The C/O ratio of produced bio-oil increased when CoMoP/γ-Al2O3, Co/γ-Al2O3, Fe/γ-Al2O3, or HZSM-5 was used. The Co/γ-Al2O3 resulted in higher HDO performance than other catalysts. The bio-oil upgraded with Co/γ-Al2O3 showed high HHV (34.41 MJ/kg). With the use of catalysts, the kerosene-diesel fraction (carbon number C12–C14) was increased from 36.17 to 38.62–48.92 wt.%.

scholarly journals Production of Bio-oil through Fast Pyrolysis of Baobab Waste Shells

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (7) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Asmaa Ali Mohammed Ali ◽  
Mustafa Abbas Mustafa ◽  
Kamal Eldin Eltayeb Yassin
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Gas Flow ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Fast Pyrolysis ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Product Yield ◽  
Transportation Fuel ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Liquid Yield

The increasing demand for transportation fuel, due to increased urbanization, is now compounded by depleting and unstable crude oil reserves. Furthermore, the volatile market and the negative environmental impact of fossil fuels have driven the usage of biomass as a potential energy source. Of particular interest are biomass waste and baobab shells present an interesting option. The objective of this study is to produce bio oil by a fast pyrolysis process from baobab shells. The effect of reaction temperature, biomass particle size and fluidizing gas flow rate on the liquid product yield are investigated. The maximum liquid yield obtained was 36.6% at 500 OC at a N2 gas flowrate of 11.6 l/min and a particle size of less than 0.5 mm.

scholarly journals Pyrolysis of High-Ash Natural Microalgae from Water Blooms: Effects of Acid Pretreatment

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Longfei Liu ◽  
Yichen Liu ◽  
Wenli Wang ◽  
Yue Wang ◽  
Guiying Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hydrochloric Acid ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Thermal Transformation ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Hexadecanoic Acid ◽  
Acid Pretreatment ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Liquid Yield

Natural microalgae (NA, cyanobacteria) collected from Taihu Lake (Jiangsu, China) were used for biofuel production through pyrolysis. The microalgae were de-ashed via pretreatment with deionized water and hydrochloric acid, and the samples obtained were noted as 0 M, 0.1 M, 1 M, 2 M, 4 M, 6 M, 8 M, respectively, according to the concentration of hydrochloric acid used in the pretreatment. Pyrolysis experiments were carried out at 500 °C for 2 h. The products were examined by various techniques to identify the influence of the ash on the pyrolysis behavior. The results showed that the ash inhibited the thermal transformation of microalgae. The 2 mol/L hydrochloric acid performed the best in removing ash and the liquid yield increased from 34.4% (NA) to 40.5% (2 M). Metal-oxides (mainly CaO, MgO, Al2O3) in ash promoted the reaction of hexadecanoic acid and NH3 to produce more hexadecanamide, which was further dehydrated to hexadecanenitrile. After acid pretreatment, significant improvement in the selectivity of hexadecanoic acid was observed, ranging from 22.4% (NA) to 58.8% (4 M). The hydrocarbon compounds in the liquid product increased from 12.90% (NA) to 26.67% (2 M). Furthermore, the acid pretreatment enhanced the content of C9–C16 compounds and the HHV values of bio-oil. For natural microalgae, the de-ashing pretreatment before pyrolysis was essential for improving the biocrude yield and quality, as well as the biomass conversion efficiency.

Catalytic Cracking of Synthetic Bio-Oil: Kinetic Studies

2014 ◽  
Vol 625 ◽  
pp. 259-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farrukh Jamil ◽  
Bawadi Abdullah ◽  
Murni Melati Ahmad ◽  
Abrar Inayat ◽  
Suzana Yusup
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Cracking ◽  
Fixed Bed ◽  
Liquid Product ◽  
Least Square Method ◽  
Least Square ◽  
Continuous Reactor ◽  
Complex Nature ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Lumped Model ◽  
Bio Oil

Kinetic study on the transformation of model compounds of bio-oil into less oxygenated liquid product was performed. A fixed bed continuous reactor was used for the catalytic cracking of bio-oil model compounds at the temperatures of 300°C, 400°C and 500°C under atmospheric pressure. HZSM-5 was used as the catalyst with the oil to catalyst ratio of 15. The kinetic behavior of the catalytic cracking of bio-oil was represented by a 3-lumped model. The kinetic parameters were calculated using an error minimization approach based on least square method. The results indicated that rate of formation for both gaseous products as well as for liquid product (LP) increased when the temperature increased. The activation energy for liquid product was higher compared to that for gaseous product. The order of reaction was in a fraction form which implies the complex nature of the cracking reaction.

Editor in Chief’s Note on the Green Hydrogen Fuel from Solar / Wind Power

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Ehsan Hosseini
Keyword(s):  
Solar Wind ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Sustainable Energy ◽  
Green Energy ◽  
Hydrogen Fuel ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Trade War ◽  
The Cost

Renewable and sustainable energy has an evolving story as the ongoing trade war in the word is influencing crude oil prices. Moreover, the global warming is an inevitable consequence of the worldwide increasing rate of fossil fuel utilization which has persuaded the governments to invest on the clean and sustainable energy resources. In recent years, the cost of green energy has tumbled, making the price of renewables competitive to the fossil fuels. Although, the hydrogen fuel is still extremely expensive compared to the crude oil price, investigations about clean hydrogen fuel production and utilization has been developed significantly which demonstrate the importance of the hydrogen fuel in the future. This article aims to scrutinize the importance of green hydrogen fuel production from solar/wind energy.

Author response for "Catalytic upgrading of bio‐oil: Hydrodeoxygenation study of acetone as molecule model of ketones"

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jundong Wang ◽  
Michael Jabbour ◽  
Lokmane Abdelouahed ◽  
Soumaya Mezghich ◽  
Lionel Estel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Author Response ◽  
Catalytic Upgrading ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Molecule Model

scholarly journals An In-Depth Process Model for Fuel Production via Hydrothermal Liquefaction and Catalytic Hydrotreating

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Leonard Moser ◽  
Christina Penke ◽  
Valentin Batteiger
Keyword(s):  
Process Model ◽  
Reaction Network ◽  
Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Model Compounds ◽  
Point Distribution ◽  
Process Step ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
Made In

One of the more promising technologies for future renewable fuel production from biomass is hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). Although enormous progress in the context of continuous experiments on demonstration plants has been made in the last years, still many research questions concerning the understanding of the HTL reaction network remain unanswered. In this study, a unique process model of an HTL process chain has been developed in Aspen Plus® for three feedstock, microalgae, sewage sludge and wheat straw. A process chain consisting of HTL, hydrotreatment (HT) and catalytic hydrothermal gasification (cHTG) build the core process steps of the model, which uses 51 model compounds representing the hydrolysis products of the different biochemical groups lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, lignin, extractives and ash for modeling the biomass. Two extensive reaction networks of 272 and 290 reactions for the HTL and HT process step, respectively, lead to the intermediate biocrude (~200 model compounds) and the final upgraded biocrude product (~130 model compounds). The model can reproduce important characteristics, such as yields, elemental analyses, boiling point distribution, product fractions, density and higher heating values of experimental results from continuous experiments as well as literature values. The model can be applied as basis for techno-economic and environmental assessments of HTL fuel production, and may be further developed into a predictive yield modeling tool.

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