Bridged benzocyclotrimers: concepts, synthesis, and applications

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Cossu ◽  
Paola Peluso
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Synthetic Receptors ◽  
Molecular Baskets ◽  
Bond Alternation ◽  
Diene System ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

: Bridged polycyclic frameworks represent a unique tool to form curved units, the bicyclo[2.2.1]hepta-2,5-diene system being widely exploited to design and induce concave topologies. In particular, bridged benzocyclotrimers (BCTs) are characterized by a flat aromatic base decorated with bridged polycyclic motifs which provide the suitable curvature underlying the concave-convex topology. In the 1960s, these molecules attracted interest for their own chemical and physical properties. Later, the improvements of synthetic procedures to produce bridged BCTs have paved the way for their utilization to design and prepare molecular containers, bowls, cages, and baskets that are able to accommodate target molecules, recognize them, and modulate their functions. In this frame, we aim to describe the historical evolution of the concept, from the first bridged BCTs explored to confirm the existence of strained alkynes, and the phenomenon of bond alternation (Mills-Nixon hypothesis), to the most recent gated molecular baskets developed as dynamic synthetic receptors for molecular delivery. The main synthetic approaches which have been used to perform cyclotrimerization of bridged polycyclic alkenes, and related mechanisms, are also examined and discussed, with a specific focus on the syn/anti stereoselectivity issue and its consequences at a mechanistic level. The present review covers literature contributions published until mid 2021.

Task-specific Ionic Liquids as a Green Catalysts and Solvents for Organic Synthesis

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swapnil A. Padvi ◽  
Dipak S. Dalal
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Liquids ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Organic Synthesis ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Properties Characterization

Task-specific ionic liquids (TSILs) have received increased attention over the past few years as a Green Catalysts and Solvents for a large number of organic transformations. The present review article aims to provide an introduction, types of task-specific ionic liquids, preparation/synthesis, physical properties, characterization, use of TSILs as solvent and catalyst in organic synthesis.

scholarly journals High stearic sunflower oil: Latest advances and applications

OCL ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
Joaquín J. Salas ◽  
Miguel A. Bootello ◽  
Enrique Martínez-Force ◽  
Mónica Venegas Calerón ◽  
Rafael Garcés
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Sunflower Oil ◽  
Present Review ◽  
High Oleic ◽  
Confectionery Fats ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Sunflower Oils ◽  
Fatty Acid Compositions

Regular sunflower oil is rich in linoleic acid. To improve its properties for different applications several genotypes with modified fatty acid compositions have been developed. Amongst them, the most remarkable have been high oleic and high stearic types. High stearic sunflower lines reported to date have been produced by traditional methods of breeding and mutagenesis. The mutations affected the expression of enzymes responsible for stearate desaturation in developing seeds. This trait has been combined with standard and high oleic backgrounds, giving high stearic lines with high contents of linoleic or oleic acids and thus different physical properties, increasing their functionality and potential applications. Nevertheless, for applications requiring plastic or confectionery fats, the oils have to be fractionated to obtain derived fats and butters with higher levels of solids. In the present review we present recent advances for the above mentioned topics related to high stearic sunflower oils.

scholarly journals Angiogenesis in parkinson’s disease

2018 ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
Y. N. Madjidova ◽  
Kh. A. Rasulova ◽  
S. R. Fakhargalieva
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Brain Cells ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Brain ◽  
British Physician

In the present review, we provide a brief overview of studies on angiogenesis in Parkinson’s disease (PD). PD develops from the death of brain cells in a few restricted areas of the brain. The disease was first discovered and its symptoms documented in 1817 (Essay on the Shaking Palsy) by the British physician Dr. James Parkinson; the associated biochemical changes in the brain of patients were identified in the 1960s.

Synthesis and Characterization of New Coordination Compounds by the Use of 2-Pyridinemethanol and Di- or Tricarboxylic Acids

CrystEngComm ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ioannis Mylonas-Margaritis ◽  
Julia Mayans ◽  
Wenming Tong ◽  
Pau Farras Costa ◽  
Albert Escuer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coordination Polymers ◽  
Coordination Compounds ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Interest ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

The development of synthetic approaches towards new coordination polymers has attracted a significant interest due to their fascinating physical properties, as well as their use in a wide range of...

2. The Historical Evolution of the International Community

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-44
Author(s):  
Paola Gaeta ◽  
Jorge E. Viñuales ◽  
Salvatore Zappalà
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
International Law ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
World War ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent States ◽  
History Of International Law ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Cold War

This chapter traces the historical evolution of the international legal system, which is organized for analytical purposes in four major stages: from its gradual emergence (sixteenth–early seventeenth century) to the First World War; from the establishment of the League of Nations to the end of the Second World War (1919–1945); from the establishment of the United Nations to the end of the Cold War (1945–1989); and the last three decades since the end of the Cold War (1990–2020). The chapter emphasizes the European roots of international law but also the pressure it has faced since the 1960s to reflect the interests of developing and newly independent States. It also provides some basic historical elements and references to the growing literature on the history of international law, which are useful to understand the historical context of the material examined in subsequent chapters.

Liminality and the Search for the New Austin Bohemianism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joshua Long
Keyword(s):  
Urban Governance ◽  
Creative Expression ◽  
Historical Evolution ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
Liminal Spaces ◽  
Creative Workers ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The City

In Austin, Texas—a city celebrated for its ‘weird’ and non-conformist culture—the once accessible enclaves of creative expression are now beyond the reach of its emergent artists while the liminal spaces of Austin’s Bohemian past are becoming increasingly eclipsed by expanding landscapes of affluence and vogue consumerism. This chapter examines the historical evolution of Austin’s emergence as a tolerant space for non-conformity, activism, and Bohemian sensibility in the heart of Texas. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Austin was the clear destination for those who had become otherwise ostracized in the surrounding conservative towns and cities. Since the late 1990s, however, a mix of co-option, compromise, and urban governance has removed targets for activism while the Bohemian ghosts of Austin’s past became slowly overshadowed by towering condos of creative workers and pseudo-hipsters. The iconoclast creativity of Austin’s most promising Bohemians has become monetized and marketed as a product whose value far outweighs its producers. Despite these trends, this chapter is not a swan song for Austin Bohemianism. Instead, it suggests that nostalgia, the avant-garde, and artistic activism endure in and around the city, and that against trends toward homogenization and commodification, Austin remains an uncontrived site of Bohemian performance.

Studies Towards the Synthesis of (+)- and (–)-Anisomycin and Their Analogues

Synthesis ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (01) ◽  
pp. 17-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arun Shaw ◽  
Sama Ajay
Keyword(s):  
Biological Activity ◽  
Total Synthesis ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Formal Synthesis ◽  
Total Syntheses ◽  
Synthetic Approaches

Anisomycin shows potent biological activity and it has attracted much attention since its isolation in 1954, with around 13 total syntheses and 20 formal syntheses, and also two reports concerning analogues of anisomycin, reported to date. The present review highlights all of these synthetic approaches (around 35) to the total or formal synthesis of anisomycin along with its isomers and analogues.1 Introduction2 Isolation and Therapeutic Importance3 Total Synthesis of (+)-, (–)-, and (±)-Anisomycins and Their Analogues4 Formal Synthesis of (+)- and (–)-Anisomycins and Their Analogues5 Conclusion

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Crystalline Oxidopolyborate Complexes of d-Block or p-Block Metals: Structural Aspects, Syntheses, and Physical Properties

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (13) ◽  
pp. 3815
Author(s):  
Shu-Sheng Xin ◽  
Ming-Hua Zhou ◽  
Michael A. Beckett ◽  
Chun-Yang Pan
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Hybrid Materials ◽  
Building Blocks ◽  
Spectroscopic Properties ◽  
Organic Metal ◽  
Metal Centers ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
Synthetic Approaches ◽  
Structural Aspects

Crystalline materials containing hybrid inorganic–organic metal borates (complexes with oxidoborate ligands) display a variety of novel framework building blocks. The structural aspects of these hybrid metallaoxidoborates containing Cd(II), Co(II), Cu(II), Ga(III), In(III), Mn(II), Ni(II) or Zn(II) metal centers are discussed in this review. The review describes synthetic approaches to these hybrid materials, their physical properties, their spectroscopic properties and their potential applications.

scholarly journals Tumor Microenvironment in Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Barrier to Immunotherapy Success?

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1798
Author(s):  
Natalia Georgantzoglou ◽  
Stefania Kokkali ◽  
Gerasimos Tsourouflis ◽  
Stamatios Theocharis
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Tumor Microenvironment ◽  
Aggressive Behavior ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Immune Evasion ◽  
Adrenocortical Carcinoma ◽  
Present Review ◽  
Adrenal Cancer ◽  
Target Molecules ◽  
Rare Malignancy

Adrenocortical carcinoma is a rare malignancy with aggressive behavior, with up to 40% of patients presenting with metastases at the time of diagnosis. Both conventional chemotherapeutic regimens and novel immunotherapeutic agents, many of which are currently being tested in ongoing clinical trials, have yielded modest results so far, bringing the need for a deeper understanding of adrenal cancer behavior to the forefront. In the recent years, the tumor microenvironment has emerged as a major determinant of cancer response to immunotherapy and an increasing number of studies on other solid tumors have focused on manipulating the microenvironment in the favor of the host and discovering new potential target molecules. In the present review we aim to explore the characteristics of adrenocortical cancer’s microenvironment, highlighting the mechanisms of immune evasion responsible for the modest immunotherapeutic results, and identify novel potential strategies.

scholarly journals The xograph®: an investigation of parallax panoramagrams and earlier autostereoscopic methods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vanessa Dumais
Keyword(s):  
Mass Media ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Production Process ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Detailed Account ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Introduced by Cowles Communications and Visual Panographics in 1964, the xograph® or parallax panoramagram, was the first lenticular, autostereoscopic, photomechanical object created for the mass media. Publications such as LOOK magazine and Venture: A Traveler’s Guide frequently distributed xographs® during the 1960s and 1970s, after which time, the xograph® began to disappear from mass publications. The thesis provides a detailed account of the history of three-dimensional photographic techniques and places the xograph® within this history. It addresses the contributions and collaboration of Arthur Rothstein, Marvin Whatmore, Visual Panographics and Cowles Communications in the creation, production and dissemination of xographs®. The thesis then describes xograph® production process and the results of an electron microscopic analysis of an xograph® made to determine its physical properties . The conclusion offers suggestions for preservation guidelines for these fascinating objects.

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