The Role of Natural Products in Treatment of Depressive Disorder

2022 ◽  
Vol 20 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tayebeh Noori ◽  
Antoni Sureda ◽  
Eduardo Sobarzo-Sánchez ◽  
Samira Shirooie
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Therapeutic Goals ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Potential Use

Abstract: Depressive disorder is one of the most common psychiatric syndromes that, if left untreated, can cause many disturbances in a person's functions. Numerous factors are involved in depression, including inflammation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), GABAergic system, hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) Axis, monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin (5-HT), noradrenaline, and dopamine). Common treatments for depression are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants, and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, but these drugs have several side effects such as anxiety, diarrhea, constipation, weight loss, and sexual dysfunctions. These agents only reduce the symptoms and temporarily reduce the rate of cognitive impairment associated with depression. As a result, extensive research has recently been conducted on the potential use of antidepressant and sedative herbs. According to the available data, herbs used in traditional medicine can be significantly effective in reducing depression, depressive symptoms and improving patients' performance. The present study provides a summary of biomarkers and therapeutic goals of depression and shows that natural products such as saffron or genipin, have antidepressant effects. Some of the useful natural products and their mechanisms were evaluated. Data on various herbs and natural isolated compounds reported to prevent and reduce depressive symptoms is also discussed.

scholarly journals Effect of Fluoxetine and Paroxetine on Intestinal Motility in Presence of Ondansetron in ex-vivo Model

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Ayesha Afzal ◽  
Ammara Khan ◽  
Khalida Ajmal ◽  
Abeera Sikandar ◽  
Saima Rafiqu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Motility ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Contractile Response ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Ex Vivo Model ◽  
Rabbit Ileum ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Fixed Concentration ◽  
Antidepressant Effects

Objective: To understand the effects of fluoxetine and paroxetine with ondansetron on the intestinal motility of rabbit ileum. Study Design: Observational study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted from March to April 2018 in a multidisciplinary lab of Army Medical College, Rawalpindi.Materials and Methods: The contractile effect of intestinal motility was recorded in the power lab. Subjects were twenty four healthy rabbits (Oryctolagus Cuniculus). Semi log dose-response curve was constructed for increasing concentrations of serotonin, ondansetron, fluoxetine, and paroxetine (10-9 to 10-6 M) alone and then in the presence of a fixed concentration of ondansetron (10-6 M) to observe the modulatory role of ondansetron. The serotonin mediated contractions were taken as control.Results: Ondansetron and serotonin caused an increase in the contractile response of rabbits ileum. A depressive response was observed when the contractions were recorded with increased concentration of fluoxetine and paroxetine in the presence of ondansetron. Conclusion: Ondansetron when used concomitantly with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors(SSRIs), abolishes their antidepressant effects by causing a decrease in the intestinal motility of rabbit ileum.

scholarly journals Citalopram plus low-dose pipamperone versus citalopram plus placebo in patients with major depressive disorder: an 8-week, double-blind, randomized study on magnitude and timing of clinical response

2011 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
pp. 2089-2097 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. G. Wade ◽  
G. M. Crawford ◽  
C. B. Nemeroff ◽  
A. F. Schatzberg ◽  
T. Schlaepfer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Therapeutic Effect ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Receptor Activation ◽  
Double Blind Study ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Madrs Score ◽  
Antidepressant Effects

BackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors take several weeks to achieve their full antidepressant effects. Post-synaptic 5-HT2A receptor activation is thought to be involved in this delayed therapeutic effect. Pipamperone acts as a highly selective 5-HT2A/D4 antagonist when administered in low doses. The purpose of this study was to compare citalopram 40 mg once daily plus pipamperone 5 mg twice daily (PipCit) versus citalopram plus placebo twice daily for magnitude and onset of therapeutic effect.MethodAn 8-week, randomized, double-blind study in patients with major depressive disorder was carried out.ResultsThe study population comprised 165 patients (citalopram and placebo, n=82; PipCit, n=83) with a mean baseline Montgomery–Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) score of 32.6 (s.d.=5.5). In the first 4 weeks, more citalopram and placebo than PipCit patients discontinued treatment (18% v. 4%, respectively, p=0.003). PipCit patients had significantly greater improvement in MADRS score at week 1 [observed cases (OC), p=0.021; last observation carried forward (LOCF), p=0.007] and week 4 (LOCF, p=0.025) but not at week 8 compared with citalopram and placebo patients. Significant differences in MADRS scores favoured PipCit in reduced sleep, reduced appetite, concentration difficulties and pessimistic thoughts. Mean Clinical Global Impression–Improvement scores were significantly improved after 1 week of PipCit compared with citalopram and placebo (OC and LOCF, p=0.002).ConclusionsAlthough the MADRS score from baseline to 8 weeks did not differ between groups, PipCit provided superior antidepressant effects and fewer discontinuations compared with citalopram and placebo during the first 4 weeks of treatment, especially in the first week.

scholarly journals Development of Pharmacophore Model and Asymmetric Synthesis of Novel Tetrahydrofuran Derivatives Enroute to Triple Uptake Inhibitors As Anti-Depressant Agents

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
aloke dutta ◽  
Horrick Sharma ◽  
Soumava Santra ◽  
Joy Debnath ◽  
Maarten EA Reith
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Unmet Need ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Pharmacophore Model ◽  
Unipolar Depression ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
Monoamine Neurotransmitters ◽  
Norepinephrine Reuptake

Unipolar depression, caused by an imbalance of monoamine neurotransmitters in brain, is ranked as the most prevalent of all somatic and psychiatric illness. It is estimated that about 40 % of patients remains refractory to treatment thereby limiting the use of current antidepressant drugs. Moreover, because of relapse and unwanted side effects of existing drugs there is an unmet need to discover novel agents for the treatment of this devastating mental disorder. Current treatment aims at alleviating extraneuronal concentration of serotonin (5-HT) and /or norepinephrine (NE) (Figure 1). Tricyclic antidepressants were among the first class to have been discovered but due to their nonspecific side effects they have limited use in clinics. They have been largely replaced by second-generation antidepressants including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI, e.g., fluoxetine, Figure 2), selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (NRI, e.g. reboxetine, Figure 2), and serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI, venlafexine, Figure 2).

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor efficacy in severe and melancholic depression

1998 ◽  
Vol 12 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. S99-S111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jay D. Amsterdam
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Serotonin Reuptake ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Melancholic Depression ◽  
Dopaminergic Activity ◽  
Prospective Trials ◽  
Meta Analyses

Depression with melancholic features appears to be a discrete affective syndrome characterised by profound psychomotor, cognitive and mood disturbances that are qualitatively different from other forms of depression. Some investigators have hypothesised that melancholia may have a neurological basis with psychomotor disturbances associated with selective alterations in dopamine neurotransmission and disturbances in basal ganglia function. A number of studies have examined the role of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in the treatment of melancholia. Although relatively few prospective trials have focused on melancholic depression, several retrospective meta-analyses and trials in populations that are likely to include a high proportion of melancholic patients have provided a wealth of data. While some early studies suggested that SSRIs might be less effective in the treatment of melancholia, the results of these may have been biased and confounded by several side-effects of tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), which might contribute to their apparent efficacy It appears, however, that the SSRIs may vary among themselves in their apparent efficacy in melancholia. In this regard, sertraline may be more efficacious than other SSRIs and similar to TCAs in the treatment of patients with melancholia. Several studies have suggested that the presence of melancholic features may predict a good response to sertraline, and it has been hypothesised that this may be the result of the relatively potent dopaminergic activity of sertraline, compared with other SSRIs.

scholarly journals Effects of Antidepressant Treatment on Peripheral Biomarkers in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1706
Author(s):  
Anna Mosiołek ◽  
Aleksandra Pięta ◽  
Sławomir Jakima ◽  
Natalia Zborowska ◽  
Jadwiga Mosiołek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Major Depressive Disorder ◽  
Depressive Disorder ◽  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Recovery Of Function ◽  
Antidepressant Treatment ◽  
Antidepressant Drugs ◽  
Selective Serotonin ◽  
Major Depressive ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most prevalent mental illness and a leading cause of disability worldwide. Despite a range of effective treatments, more than 30% of patients do not achieve remission as a result of conventional therapy. In these circumstances the identification of novel drug targets and pathogenic factors becomes essential for selecting more efficacious and personalized treatment. Increasing evidence has implicated the role of inflammation in the pathophysiology of depression, revealing potential new pathways and treatment options. Moreover, convergent evidence indicates that MDD is related to disturbed neurogenesis and suggests a possible role of neurotrophic factors in recovery of function in patients. Although the influence of antidepressants on inflammatory cytokines balance was widely reported in various studies, the exact correlation between drugs used and specific cytokines and neurotrophins serum levels often remains inconsistent. Available data suggest anti-inflammatory properties of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), selective serotonin and noradrenaline inhibitors (SNRIs), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) as a possible additional mechanism of reduction of depressive symptoms. In this review, we outline emerging data regarding the influence of different antidepressant drugs on a wide array of peripheral biomarkers such as interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, IL-5, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, C-reactive protein (CRP), or interferon (IFN)-γ. Presented results indicate anti-inflammatory effect for selected drugs or lack of such effect. Research in this field is insufficient to define the role of inflammatory markers as a predictor of treatment response in MDD.

Endophytic Fungi as a reservoir of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes- A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (11) ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Ram Kumar Pundir ◽  
Pranay Jain
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Enzymatic Activity ◽  
Endophytic Fungi ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Lignocellulolytic Enzymes ◽  
Agricultural Industries ◽  
Potential Use ◽  
Apparent Adverse Effect

The potential use of microorganisms as biotechnological sources of industrially important enzymes has stimulated interest in exploration of extracellular enzymatic activity in several microorganisms. Endophytic fungi are those fungi which colonize plants internally without apparent adverse effect. Endophytic fungi are relatively unexplored producers of metabolites useful to pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. As a result, the role of endophytes in production of various natural products with greater bioactivity has received increased attention. Endophytic fungi have been found to degrade lignocellulose consisting of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of lignocellulases enzynes. This review highlights the potential of endophytic fungi for production of lignocellulases and also discusses the present status and future prospectives in this field.

Antidepressants in Geriatric Depression: What Difference Have They Made?

1995 ◽  
Vol 7 (S1) ◽  
pp. 55-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert C. Baldwin
Keyword(s):  
Depressive Symptoms ◽  
Major Depression ◽  
Electroconvulsive Therapy ◽  
Tricyclic Antidepressants ◽  
Later Life ◽  
Geriatric Depression ◽  
Residual Symptoms ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Drug Prophylaxis

This article reviews the evidence that antidepressants have improved the prognosis of geriatric depression. It examines studies carried out in the acute, continuation, and maintenance stages of treatment. Naturalistic studies carried out after the introduction of electroconvulsive therapy indicate that about one quarter of patients with major depression in later life remain symptom-free, approximately one third experience at least one relapse but with further recovery, and the remainder have residual symptoms. In about 10% of all cases, depressive symptoms remain severe and intractable. These proportions appear to have altered little since tricyclic antidepressants became available, although recent research into drug prophylaxis suggests that better outcomes may be possible. The article reviews some of the methodological problems that research workers must address. The role of newer antidepressants in prognosis is also discussed.

scholarly journals Role of functional pharmacological therapy in post-stroke depression: a narrative review

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 030006052095055
Author(s):  
Francesco Corallo ◽  
Chiara Scarfì ◽  
Francesca Antonia Arcadi ◽  
Caterina Formica ◽  
Marcella Di Cara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Pharmacological Therapy ◽  
Narrative Review ◽  
Antidepressant Therapy ◽  
Exclusion Criteria ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Antidepressant Effects ◽  
Post Stroke Depression

Objective We conducted a narrative review to investigate whether antidepressant therapy, including the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) or the use of supportive drugs (i.e., citicoline or choline alfoscerate) as a substitute for antidepressant therapy, reduces depression in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Methods A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science databases was performed, including review articles and other studies to identify additional citations. Only 4 of 1566 publications met the inclusion/exclusion criteria and were selected. Results Studies showed that post-stroke depression (PSD) could be treated with antidepressant therapy, as well as supportive drugs such as citicoline or choline alfoscerate, which may have antidepressant effects. Conclusions The findings support the efficacy of citicoline as a treatment for depression. Studies aimed to discover the characteristics of these psychostimulants in relation to PSD treatment should be performed.

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