EFFECT OF SOME AGRO-INDUSTRIAL RESIDUES ON MYCELIAL GROWTH AND PRODUCTION OF LIGNOCELLULOLYTIC ENZYMES BY A FUNGUS NATIVE TO ALGERIAN FOREST

Valorization of agricultural and agro-food by-products by fermentation constitutes a very interesting biotechnological approach for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This work was carried out to reveal the effect of some lignocellulosic materials on the mycelial growth and lignocellulolytic enzymes production by Bjerkandera adusta BRFM 1916. The strain showed ABTS- and guaiacol-oxidation activities. The optimal temperature for mycelial growth was 28 °C. The maximum growth rate of this fungus was achieved on wheat bran (2.08 ± 0.05 cm day-1), followed by barley bran, with a significant reduction of 6.73%. Several agricultural lignocellulosic residues were used as substrates for enzymes production. All the data indicated differential utilization of the various materials by the fungus. The selected fungus produced good CMCase (690 ± 0.066 UL-1) and β-Glu (253 UL-1) activities on wheat bran and orange peels, respectively. A high level of MnP activity (449.21 ± 3.44 UL-1) was obtained on wheat bran.

Sustainable Production of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes in Solid-State Fermentation of Agro-Industrial Waste: Application in Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Juice Clarification

Valorization of agro-industrial waste through greener and biotechnological processes are promising approaches to minimize the generation of agro-industrial waste. Therefore, the study aimed to produce lignocellulolytic enzymes from agro-industrial waste under solid-state fermentation (SSF) conditions and study their application in the clarification of pumpkin juice. The SSF was performed with three different combinations of wheat bran + rice bran (WBRB), wheat bran + wheat straw (WBWS), and rice bran + wheat straw (RBWS) as dry solid substrates (1:1) using Fusarium oxysporum (MTCC 7229). The protein, carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase), and xylanase contents ranged from 0.98–3.90 mg/g, 5.89–6.84 U/g substrate, and 10.08–13.77 U/g substrate, respectively in different agro-industrial waste as substrates (WBRB, WBWS, RBWS, and control). The increase in enzyme concentration (0.50–2.40%) added to pumpkin juice exhibited an increased juice yield (16.30–55.60%), reduced browning index (1.03–0.70), and an increase in clarity (5.31–13.77 %T), which was further confirmed by a total variance of 84.83% by principal component analysis. Thus, the low-cost lignocellulolytic enzymes can be produced from agro-industrial waste that might have applications in food and beverage industries. Hence, this approach could be used as a long-term sustainable and circular source to valorize agro-industrial waste towards the greener future and the preservation of ecosystems.

Comprehensive strategies of Lignocellulolytic enzyme production from microbes and their applications in various commercial-scale faculties

Activities of anthropological organisms lead to the production of massive lignocellulosic waste every year and these lignocellulolytic enzymes plays crucial role in developing eco-friendly, sustainable and economical methods for decomposing and pre-treating the biomass to produce biofuels, organic acids, feeds and enzymes. Lignocellulolytic enzymes sustainably hydrolyse the biomass and can be utilized in wide range of applications such as personal care, pharmaceutical, biofuel release, sewage treatment, food and beverage industries. Every year a significant ton of biomass waste is released and insight on these crucial enzymes could establish in all the industries. However, due to the increased demand for compost materials, biomass degradation has resulted in composting processes. Several methods for improving compost amount and quality have been explored, including increasing decomposer inoculums, stimulating microbial activity, and establishing a decomposable environment. All of these prerequisites are met by biotechnological applications. Biotechnological procedures are used to improve the activity of enzymes on biomass. It leads to an adequate supply of compost and base materials for enterprises. In terms of effectiveness and stability during the breakdown process, lignocellulolytic enzymes derived from genetically modified species outperformed naturally derived lignocellulolytic enzymes. It has the potential to increase the quality and output of by-products. This review discussed the development of lignocellulolytic enzyme families and their widespread applications in a variety of industries such as olive oil extraction, carotenoid extraction, waste management, pollution control, second-generation bio-ethanol production, textile and dyeing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper, animal feed, food processing industries, detergent, and agricultural industries.

Overview of lignocellulolytic enzyme systems with special reference to valorization of lignocellulosic biomass

: Lignocellulosic biomass, one of the most valuable natural resources, is abundantly present on earth. Being a renewable feedstock, it harbors a great potential to be exploited as a raw material, to produce various value-added products. Lignocellulolytic microorganisms hold a unique position regarding the valorization of lignocellulosic biomass as they contain efficient enzyme systems capable of degrading this biomass. The ubiquitous nature of these microorganisms and their survival under extreme conditions have enabled their use as an effective producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes with improved biochemical features crucial to industrial bioconversion processes. These enzymes can prove to be an exquisite tool when it comes to the eco-friendly manufacturing of value-added products using waste material. This review focuses on highlighting the significance of lignocellulosic biomass, microbial sources of lignocellulolytic enzymes and their use in the formation of useful products.

Endophytic Fungi as a reservoir of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes- A Review

The potential use of microorganisms as biotechnological sources of industrially important enzymes has stimulated interest in exploration of extracellular enzymatic activity in several microorganisms. Endophytic fungi are those fungi which colonize plants internally without apparent adverse effect. Endophytic fungi are relatively unexplored producers of metabolites useful to pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. As a result, the role of endophytes in production of various natural products with greater bioactivity has received increased attention. Endophytic fungi have been found to degrade lignocellulose consisting of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose with the aid of lignocellulases enzynes. This review highlights the potential of endophytic fungi for production of lignocellulases and also discusses the present status and future prospectives in this field.

Genomic Studies of White-Rot Fungus Cerrena unicolor SP02 Provide Insights into Food Safety Value-Added Utilization of Non-Food Lignocellulosic Biomass

Cerrena unicolor is an ecologically and biotechnologically important wood-degrading basidiomycete with high lignocellulose degrading ability. Biological and genetic investigations are limited in the Cerrena genus and, thus, hinder genetic modification and commercial use. The aim of the present study was to provide a global understanding through genomic and experimental research about lignocellulosic biomass utilization by Cerrena unicolor. In this study, we reported the genome sequence of C. unicolor SP02 by using the Illumina and PacBio 20 platforms to obtain trustworthy assembly and annotation. This is the combinational 2nd and 3rd genome sequencing and assembly of C. unicolor species. The generated genome was 42.79 Mb in size with an N50 contig size of 2.48 Mb, a G + C content of 47.43%, and encoding of 12,277 predicted genes. The genes encoding various lignocellulolytic enzymes including laccase, lignin peroxidase, manganese peroxidase, cytochromes P450, cellulase, xylanase, α-amylase, and pectinase involved in the degradation of lignin, cellulose, xylan, starch, pectin, and chitin that showed the C. unicolor SP02 potentially have a wide range of applications in lignocellulosic biomass conversion. Genome-scale metabolic analysis opened up a valuable resource for a better understanding of carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) and oxidoreductases that provide insights into the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms for lignocellulosic degradation. The C. unicolor SP02 model can be used for the development of efficient microbial cell factories in lignocellulosic industries. The understanding of the genetic material of C. unicolor SP02 coding for the lignocellulolytic enzymes will significantly benefit us in genetic manipulation, site-directed mutagenesis, and industrial biotechnology.

Recovery of Lignocellulolytic Enzymes and Valorization of Spent Mushroom Substrate

Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) comprises sugarcane bagasse, coconut coir, chicken manure, and paddy straw; inoculated with and farmed for Agaricus bisporus. At present, the waste generation at a mushroom cultivation plant in Goa is 40 tons/day (15,000 tons annually). Valorization of this waste has been explored in terms of extracting lignocellulolytic enzymes and briquette production. SMS was screened for the presence of lignocellulolytic enzymes and then was used to make briquettes. The enzymes found in SMS were cellulase and laccase, which were further concentrated via tangential flow filtration (TFF). Enzyme activity for Cellulase increased by four-fold (from 255.34±1.30 U/mL increased to 1022.21±4.84 U/mL) and Laccase increased by three-fold (from 4.83±0.02 U/mL to 13.21±0.05 U/mL). The concentrated enzyme cocktail was used to decolorize congo red dye. After only eight hours of enzymatic treatment at pH 4.8 on congo red, approx. 40-49% decolorization was accomplished. The color removal was due to the presence of the laccase enzyme. After enzyme extraction, all the residual SMS was utilized to generate briquettes with an initial reduction in its moisture content from 50% to 10%. The resulting briquette gave a Gross Calorific Value of 4,143 Kcal/kg with 12.60% ash content. Thus, SMS proves to be a valuable source for recovering enzymes and a cost-effective material for briquette production rather than going into landfills.