Adenoidal Immune Response in the Context of Inflammation and Allergy

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 231-237
Author(s):  
Ilaria Brambilla ◽  
Sara Manti ◽  
Salvatore Savasta ◽  
Chiara Valsecchi ◽  
Silvia Maria Elena Caimmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Lymphoid Tissues ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Environmental Antigens

:The mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues of the upper respiratory tract, including adenoids and palatine tonsils, are considered as the first line of defense against respiratory infections, being important effector organs in both mucosal-type and systemic-type adaptive immunity. They are strategically located for mediating both local and regional immune functions, as they are exposed to antigens from both the inhaled air (allergens and pathogens) and the alimentary tract. Adenoids play a major role in the early and effective immune responses against viral and bacterial upper airway infections, as well as in the development of allergic reactions to respiratory allergens, being influenced by several environmental antigens and pollutants, such as tobacco smoke. In addition, recent studies have focused on new immune-modulating strategies for adenoidal cells as a preventive and therapeutic approach for chronic upper airways inflammation.:Herein, we aimed to summarize what is known about the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating adenoidal immune responses in the context of inflammation and allergy, with particular reference to scientific literature published within the last five years.

scholarly journals Treatment of acute upper respiratory tract infections in children

2002 ◽  
Vol 55 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 397-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevenka Roncevic-Babin ◽  
Jelena Popadic ◽  
Aleksandra Stojadinovic
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Respiratory Tract Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Previous Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Tract Infections

Introduction Acute respiratory tract infections are the most common diseases of childhood. A preschool child suffers up to 5-7 infections of upper airways during a year. Upper airway infections make 80 - 90% of all respiratory infections. Etiology and treatment In 75% of all cases respiratory infections are of viral etiology, 15% of bacterial and 10% are caused by mycoplasma, rickettsiae, fungi, parasites. The treatment of respiratory infections includes antimicrobial therapy (causal), relief of symptoms (symptomatic) and application of general principles of child treatment. The choice of antimicrobial drug is based on the evidence of agents and their sensitivity to antimicrobial drugs, age, patient's condition, previous treatment and possible allergic reactions to the drug. In cases where adequate specimen cannot be obtained for microbiologic tests, when these tests do not reveal the agent, or therapy must start before evidence of the agent is available, we must decide about the therapy, taking in consideration the most frequent agents, and those that would cause the most devastating clinical picture. This therapy can be modified later, according to the isolated agent and its sensitivity to the drug. Considering the incidence and importance of respiratory infections in morbidity and mortality of children, the aim of this article was to present guidelines in treatment of respiratory infections. The main point remains that the treatment should take into consideration the individual patient before all.

Recurrent upper airway infections and bacterial biofilms

2006 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 341-344 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Galli ◽  
F Ardito ◽  
L Calò ◽  
L Mancinelli ◽  
M Imperiali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Bacterial Biofilms ◽  
Repeated Treatment ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Tissue Specimens

Background: Bacterial biofilms identified in various medical devices used in otorhinolaryngology, including tympanostomy tubes, voice prostheses, and cochlear implants, can directly colonise mucosal tissues. The upper airways seem to be at high risk for this type of colonisation. Chronic and/or recurrent upper airway infections may be related to the complex structural and biochemical (quorum sensing) organisation of the biofilm which interferes with the activity of antibiotics (including those with proven in vitro efficacy), thus promoting the establishment of a chronic infection eradicable only by surgical treatment. Biofilm formation plays a role in upper respiratory infections: it not only explains the resistance of these infections to antibiotic therapy but it also represents an important element that contributes to the maintenance of a chronic inflammatory reaction.Objectives: To document the presence of biofilms in surgical tissue specimens from patients with recurrent infection diseases, and identify their possible role in the chronicity of these infectious processes.Method: We examined 32 surgical specimens from the upper respiratory tract (tonsils, adenoids, mucosa from the ethmoid and maxillary sinuses) of 28 patients (20 adults, eight children) with upper airway infections that had persisted despite repeated treatment with anti-inflammatory agents and antibiotics with demonstrated in vitro efficacy. Tissues were cultured using conventional methods and subjected to scanning electron microscopy for detection of biofilm formation.Results: Over 80 per cent (26/32; 81.3 per cent) of the tissue specimens were culture-positive. Bacterial biofilms (associated in most cases with coccoid bacteria) were observed in 65.6 per cent of the tissue samples.

scholarly journals The immunomodulatory functions and molecular mechanism of a new bursal heptapeptide (BP7) in immune responses and immature B cells

2019 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiu Li Feng ◽  
Yang Zheng ◽  
Man Man Zong ◽  
Shan Shan Hao ◽  
Guang Fang Zhou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
B Cells ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
B Cell ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Bursa Of Fabricius ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
B Cell Differentiation ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Wehi 231

Abstract The bursa of Fabricius (BF) is the acknowledged central humoural immune organ unique to birds and plays a vital role in B lymphocyte development. In addition, the unique molecular immune features of bursal-derived biological peptides involved in B cell development are rarely reported. In this paper, a novel bursal heptapeptide (BP7) with the sequence GGCDGAA was isolated from the BF and was shown to enhance the monoclonal antibody production of a hybridoma. A mouse immunization experiment showed that mice immunized with an AIV antigen and BP7 produced strong antibody responses and cell-mediated immune responses. Additionally, BP7 stimulated increased mRNA levels of sIgM in immature mouse WEHI-231 B cells. Gene microarray results confirmed that BP7 regulated 2465 differentially expressed genes in BP7-treated WEHI-231 cells and induced 13 signalling pathways and various immune-related functional processes. Furthermore, we found that BP7 stimulated WEHI-231 cell autophagy and AMPK-ULK1 phosphorylation and regulated Bcl-2 protein expression. Finally, chicken immunization showed that BP7 enhanced the potential antibody and cytokine responses to the AIV antigen. These results suggested that BP7 might be an active biological factor that functions as a potential immunopotentiator, which provided some novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of the effects of bursal peptides on immune functions and B cell differentiation.

scholarly journals Upper Airway Findings and Markers of Lung Disease Progression in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (04) ◽  
pp. e434-e437
Author(s):  
Luciane Mazzini Steffen ◽  
Luise Sgarabotto Pezzin ◽  
Natassia Sulis ◽  
Nedio Steffen ◽  
Leonardo Araujo Pinto
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Lung Disease ◽  
Disease Progression ◽  
Nasal Polyps ◽  
Nasal Swab ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways

Abstract Introduction Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease that limits the quality of life mainly due to respiratory symptoms. The relationship between findings of the upper airways and CF lung disease is not yet completely understood. Objective The aim of the present study is to describe the most frequent nasal findings and pathogens in patients with CF and investigate the association between the findings of the upper respiratory tract and markers of lung disease progression. Methods Retrospective study in patients with CF from the Pediatric Pulmonology Department who underwent otorhinolaryngological evaluation between 2015 and 2017. Nasal endoscopy and nasal swab collection were part of the evaluation. The severity markers used were: percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1%), body mass index (BMI) and the Shwachman-Kulczycki (SK) clinical score. Results A total of 48 patients with CF were included. The mean of the predicted percentage of FEV1% was 83.36 ± 30.04. The average 14 and SK score 89.11 ± 10.50. The bacteriology of the nasal swab was positive in 27 (54.1%) patients. Staphylococcus aureus was positive in 18 patients, Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 5, Pseudomonas cepacea in 3 and Stenotrophomonas maltophila in 1 patient. Nasal polyps were found in nine participants. Nasal polyps were found in nine participants and were associated with lower SK score. Conclusion The pathogens found in the upper airway were, in order: S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, P. cepacea e S. maltophila. The presence of polyps in the nasal cavity showed statistical significance and appears to have association with the prognostic factor measured by the SK score.

scholarly journals INCREASING THE UPPER AIRWAY SPACE USING ORAL APPLIANCES IN PATIENTS WITH MILD SLEEP APNOEA CAUSED BY STOMATOGNATHIC DYSFUNCTIONS

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Halina Ey-Chmielewska ◽  
Iwona Teul ◽  
Jacek Lorkowski
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Anatomical Variations ◽  
Sleep Apnoea ◽  
Oral Appliances ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Stomatognathic System ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Abnormal Breathing ◽  
Upper Respiratory

Introduction: Abnormal breathing can be caused by developmental malformations or anatomical variations in the upper airways. Stomatognathic diseases may significantly impair the patency of the upper respiratory tract. Treatment of advanced stomatognathic dysfunctions is difficult due to their multifactorial aetiology, and often involves many phases. Sleep apnoea is one of the most bothersome complications. The mainstay therapeutic strategy relies on modifying the position of the mandible against the maxilla, achieved by using different types of oral appliances.Material and methods: The study was carried out in 2006–2010 on 92 patients (mean age 42.5 years) with diagnosed advanced dysfunction of the stomatognathic system. The treatment relied on the use of an orthodontic appliance (54 patients) or combined multi­‍‑phase therapy with splints used in the first phase (22 patients). Two different appliances were used (one of them was modified by the authors). Parameters assessed in the study included time to resolution of pain, reduction in the incidence of sleep apnoea, and improvement in nasal breathing.Results: Change in the protrusion of the mandible not only relieved problems with the stomatognathic system, but also improved breathing in patients. The use of modified oral appliances reduced treatment duration and improved patients’ comfort. Therefore, it may be useful in the treatment of patients with mild sleep apnoea.

Add-on or alone? Inhaled nebulized immunoglobulin reduces upper airway infections: 24 months of real-life experience

Immunotherapy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Brodszki
Keyword(s):  
Life Experience ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Daily Data ◽  
Airway Infections ◽  
Prevention Of Infections ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Recurrent Otitis Media

Background: Patients with antibody deficiencies might suffer from acute/chronic upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), despite apparently adequate levels of replacement IgG. This pilot study aimed to ascertain whether inhaled nebulized immunoglobulin (INHIG) could reduce the number of URTI episodes. Methods: Three young, male sibling patients with antibody deficiency who, despite ongoing treatment, were suffering from frequent URTI and recurrent otitis media. INHIG consisted of 4 ml intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG; 5%) nebulized with the eFLOW® nebulizer, twice daily. Data from meticulous infection symptoms diaries were used for analysis. Results: The patients tolerated the INHIG well; no adverse events were registered. The number of URTI was significantly decreased. Conclusion: In antibody deficient patients with URTI, INHIG reduces the incidence of URTI and may serve as a valuable physiological prophylaxis in the prevention of infections.

scholarly journals Reassortment between Avian H5N1 and Human H3N2 Influenza Viruses in Ferrets: a Public Health Risk Assessment

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (16) ◽  
pp. 8131-8140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Jackson ◽  
Neal Van Hoeven ◽  
Li-Mei Chen ◽  
Taronna R. Maines ◽  
Nancy J. Cox ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Airway ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Nasal Secretions ◽  
H5 Subtype ◽  
H3n2 Influenza ◽  
Human Viruses ◽  
Reassortant Viruses

ABSTRACT This study investigated whether transmissible H5 subtype human-avian reassortant viruses could be generated in vivo. To this end, ferrets were coinfected with recent avian H5N1 (A/Thailand/16/04) and human H3N2 (A/Wyoming/3/03) viruses. Genotype analyses of plaque-purified viruses from nasal secretions of coinfected ferrets revealed that approximately 9% of recovered viruses contained genes from both progenitor viruses. H5 and H3 subtype viruses, including reassortants, were found in airways extending toward and in the upper respiratory tract of ferrets. However, only parental H5N1 genotype viruses were found in lung tissue. Approximately 34% of the recovered reassortant viruses possessed the H5 hemagglutinin (HA) gene, with five unique H5 subtypes recovered. These H5 reassortants were selected for further studies to examine their growth and transmissibility characteristics. Five H5 viruses with representative reassortant genotypes showed reduced titers in nasal secretions of infected ferrets compared to the parental H5N1 virus. No transmission by direct contact between infected and naïve ferrets was observed. These studies indicate that reassortment between H5N1 avian influenza and H3N2 human viruses occurred readily in vivo and furthermore that reassortment between these two viral subtypes is likely to occur in ferret upper airways. Given the relatively high incidence of reassortant viruses from tissues of the ferret upper airway, it is reasonable to conclude that continued exposure of humans and animals to H5N1 alongside seasonal influenza viruses increases the risk of generating H5 subtype reassortant viruses that may be shed from upper airway secretions.

scholarly journals Permeabilization surgery of the upper respiratory tract and its effects on sleep fragmentation and REM sleep

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ionut Tanase ◽  
Claudiu Manea ◽  
Codrut Sarafoleanu
Keyword(s):  
Sleep Disorders ◽  
Surgical Procedures ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Slow Wave Sleep ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Sleep Fragmentation ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Falling Asleep ◽  
Before And After

AbstractUsually, patients with sleep disorders may complain of tiredness, fatigue, daytime sleepiness, difficulty in concentrating, and can reach up to falling asleep in inappropriate situations – condition known as the Pickwick syndrome. To avoid these unpleasant symptoms, a series of surgical procedures regarding the anatomical structures involved in sleep apnea were developed.The article is a general review regarding the sleep disorders and the influence of upper airways permeability on the quality of sleep and the sleep staging distribution. Also, we present some preliminary data obtained in a clinical study underwent in CESITO Centre “Sfanta Maria” Hospital, Bucharest, involving patients with sleep pathology that had polysomnographic evaluations before and after various surgical procedures of nasal and pharyngeal permeabilization.AIMS.To determine that permeabilization surgery of the upper airway tract may be used successfully in order to decrease the sleep fragmentation and increase the time of slow-wave sleep.CONCLUSION.6 months after the permeabilization surgery of the upper airway tract, the polysomnography reveals that the arousals index decreased and the sleep architecture undergoes changes that consist in decreasing the Stage 1 and Stage 2 sleep, therefore REM sleep reaches a better score.

scholarly journals Pre-activated anti-viral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Loske ◽  
Jobst Röhmel ◽  
Soeren Lukassen ◽  
Sebastian Stricker ◽  
Vladimir Gonçalves Magalhães ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Cytotoxic T Cells ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Airway Epithelial Cells ◽  
Airway Epithelial ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
Antiviral Responses ◽  
Immune Cell Subpopulations

Children are consistently reported to have reduced SARS-CoV-2 infection rates and a substantially lower risk for developing severe COVID-19. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying protection against COVID-19 in younger age groups remain widely unknown. Here, we systematically characterized the single-cell transcriptional landscape in the upper airways in SARS-CoV-2 negative and age-matched SARS-CoV-2 positive children (n=42) and corresponding samples from adults (n=44), covering an age range of four weeks to 77 years. Children displayed higher basal expression of the relevant pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways in upper airway epithelial cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells, resulting in stronger innate antiviral responses upon SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to adults. We further detected distinct immune cell subpopulations with an overall dominance of neutrophils and a population of cytotoxic T cells occurring predominantly in children. Our study provides evidence that the airway epithelial and mucosal immune cells of children are pre-activated and primed for virus sensing, resulting in a stronger early innate antiviral responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to adults.

Sensory mechanisms in the upper respiratory tract affect the inhalation of cigarette smoke in man

1986 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. G. N. Grant ◽  
G. Woodman ◽  
S. P. Newman ◽  
D. Pavia ◽  
S. W. Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoke ◽  
Upper Airway ◽  
Sensory Receptors ◽  
Topical Anaesthesia ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Upper Airways ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
Sensory Mechanisms ◽  
Stimulation Of

1. Cigarette puffing parameters (puff volume, puff duration, number of puffs, total smoking time) and inhaled smoke volume (by a radiotracer techique) have been measured in a group of 11 asymptomatic smokers, once after topical anaesthesia of the upper airways and once without anaesthesia. 2. Topical anaesthesia significantly reduced the mean inhaled smoke volume per puff for the group from 41.1 ml to 30.6 ml (P < 0.05) and the total inhaled smoke volume from 575 ml to 528 ml (P = 0.05), but cigarette puffing parameters were unchanged. 3. It is concluded that stimulation of upper airway sensory receptors, probably sensitive to nicotine, may be an important mechanism in determining the amount of cigarette smoke inhaled by smokers.

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