Kynurenines in the Central Nervous System: Recent Developments

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajnalka Nemeth ◽  
Hermina Robotka ◽  
Jozsef Toldi ◽  
Laszlo Vecsei
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System

scholarly journals Recent Developments in Microfluidic Technologies for Central Nervous System Targeted Studies

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 542
Author(s):  
Maria Inês Teixeira ◽  
Maria Helena Amaral ◽  
Paulo C. Costa ◽  
Carla M. Lopes ◽  
Dimitrios A. Lamprou
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Physicochemical Characteristics ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Invaluable Tool ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Delivery ◽  
Reproducible Manner

Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) bear a lot of weight in public health. By studying the properties of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and its fundamental interactions with the central nervous system (CNS), it is possible to improve the understanding of the pathological mechanisms behind these disorders and create new and better strategies to improve bioavailability and therapeutic efficiency, such as nanocarriers. Microfluidics is an intersectional field with many applications. Microfluidic systems can be an invaluable tool to accurately simulate the BBB microenvironment, as well as develop, in a reproducible manner, drug delivery systems with well-defined physicochemical characteristics. This review provides an overview of the most recent advances on microfluidic devices for CNS-targeted studies. Firstly, the importance of the BBB will be addressed, and different experimental BBB models will be briefly discussed. Subsequently, microfluidic-integrated BBB models (BBB/brain-on-a-chip) are introduced and the state of the art reviewed, with special emphasis on their use to study NDs. Additionally, the microfluidic preparation of nanocarriers and other compounds for CNS delivery has been covered. The last section focuses on current challenges and future perspectives of microfluidic experimentation.

Neurocartography: Geometry and Biology of the Central Nervous System

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (S2) ◽  
pp. 295-296
Author(s):  
O. J. Tretiak ◽  
J. Nissanov
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Function ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Mrna In Situ Hybridization ◽  
Functional Images ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function

The central nervous system of a vertebrate organism exhibits a very complex spatial organization structure and function. These relationships are the subject of intense study for over a century, and recent developments in imaging have attracted ever increasing effort devoted to the understanding of brain function. One can produce any number of quantitative images that provide maps of the anatomy and function of nerve tissues. For example, autoradiography can yield functional images (2-deoxy glucose), maps of neurotransmitters receptors (over 100 know types), and gene expression labeled with complementary mRNA (in-situ hybridization). Immunohistochemistry produces maps of a large variety of neuroactive components, such as transmitters.To illustrate a typical procedure, we describe the mapping of brain function with 2-deoxy glucose (2DG). A rat performing some task is injected with a solution of 2DG radiolabeled with 14C¨ Subsequently, the animal is sacrificed, the brain is cryosectioned (ca. 20 μm), and contact autoradio-grams of these sections are made on X-ray film.

scholarly journals Analyzing microglial phenotypes across neuropathologies: a practical guide

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marius Schwabenland ◽  
Wolfgang Brück ◽  
Josef Priller ◽  
Christine Stadelmann ◽  
Hans Lassmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Immune Cells ◽  
Microglial Activation ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Tissue Homeostasis ◽  
Practical Guide ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Local Signaling

AbstractAs extremely sensitive immune cells, microglia act as versatile watchdogs of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly control tissue homeostasis. Therefore, microglial activation is an early and easily detectable hallmark of virtually all neuropsychiatric, neuro-oncological, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. The recent introduction of novel high-throughput technologies and several single-cell methodologies as well as advances in epigenetic analyses helped to identify new microglia expression profiles, enhancer-landscapes and local signaling cues that defined diverse previously unappreciated microglia states in the healthy and diseased CNS. Here, we give an overview on the recent developments in the field of microglia biology and provide a practical guide to analyze disease-associated microglia phenotypes in both the murine and human CNS, on several morphological and molecular levels. Finally, technical limitations, potential pitfalls and data misinterpretations are discussed as well.

scholarly journals Type 2 Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Demyelination of the Central Nervous System: Recent Advances

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Massimo Costanza
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Experimental Models ◽  
Toxic Substances ◽  
Cns Autoimmunity ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Autoimmune Demyelination

Type 2 immunity has long been confined to a restricted spectrum of responses, mostly including allergic reactions to innocuous environmental triggers. However, growing evidence suggests that cells and mediators typically associated with type 2 inflammation are involved in several physiopathological conditions, such as defense against toxic substances, anticancer immunity, and autoimmune diseases. In neuromyelitis optica, an autoimmune demyelinating disorder of the spinal cord and optic nerve, eosinophils extensively infiltrate lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) and promote tissue pathology in experimental models of this disease. Next-generation sequencing of CD4+ T cells isolated from a specific subtype of multiple sclerosis plaque has uncovered an unexpectedly Th2 profile of these cells. Even mast cells and other allergic mediators have been implicated in the modulation and/or effector mechanisms of autoimmune reactions against the CNS. In this review article, the most recent developments showing the involvement of type 2 inflammatory components in CNS autoimmunity are summarised and possible lines of further investigation are discussed.

scholarly journals Fine-tuning the central nervous system: microglial modelling of cells and synapses

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1654) ◽  
pp. 20130593 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna L. Xavier ◽  
João R. L. Menezes ◽  
Steven A. Goldman ◽  
Maiken Nedergaard
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Adult Brain ◽  
Fine Tuning ◽  
Microglial Cells ◽  
Neural Function ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Innate Immune Responses ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Microglia constitute as much as 10–15% of all cells in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) and are the only glial cells that do not arise from the neuroectoderm. As the principal CNS immune cells, microglial cells represent the first line of defence in response to exogenous threats. Past studies have largely been dedicated to defining the complex immune functions of microglial cells. However, our understanding of the roles of microglia has expanded radically over the past years. It is now clear that microglia are critically involved in shaping neural circuits in both the developing and adult CNS, and in modulating synaptic transmission in the adult brain. Intriguingly, microglial cells appear to use the same sets of tools, including cytokine and chemokine release as well as phagocytosis, whether modulating neural function or mediating the brain's innate immune responses. This review will discuss recent developments that have broadened our views of neuro-glial signalling to include the contribution of microglial cells.

Pathogenesis and Management of Hepatic Coma

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1958 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 448-448
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Hepatic Coma ◽  
Results Of Treatment ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Bacterial Action ◽  
Analysis Of Results ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Ammonium Compounds

This is a concise summary of the present state of knowledge concerning pathogenesis and treatment of hepatic coma by one of the leading students of the subject. Particular attention is given to the recent developments regarding the relation of toxic effects of ammonium compounds on the central nervous system. It is recommended that during the acute phase of hepatic coma all dietary intake of protein should be stopped. Neomycin is given to diminish the bacterial action in the intestine, which is thought to produce toxic products contributing to central nervous system manifestations. The results of therapy with such compounds as glutamic acid, arginine and ornithine have been disappointing and these are not recommended for routine use. The place of adrenal corticoid hormones in the treatment of hepatic coma and hepatitis is discussed. The author finds the results of this form of therapy difficult to evaluate but concludes that their use in fulminant hepatitis is probably wise. Other details in the practical management of hepatic coma, an analysis of results of treatment and discussion of prognosis, are also included in the discussion.

Effects of Hyperoxia on Lung Utrastructure

1970 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 26-27
Author(s):  
Gladys Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Light Microscopy ◽  
Oxygen Effects ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Space Age ◽  
Alveolar Septa ◽  
Extensive Damage

With the advent of the space age and the need to determine the requirements for a space cabin atmosphere, oxygen effects came into increased importance, even though these effects have been the subject of continuous research for many years. In fact, Priestly initiated oxygen research when in 1775 he published his results of isolating oxygen and described the effects of breathing it on himself and two mice, the only creatures to have had the “privilege” of breathing this “pure air”.Early studies had demonstrated the central nervous system effects at pressures above one atmosphere. Light microscopy revealed extensive damage to the lungs at one atmosphere. These changes which included perivascular and peribronchial edema, focal hemorrhage, rupture of the alveolar septa, and widespread edema, resulted in death of the animal in less than one week. The severity of the symptoms differed between species and was age dependent, with young animals being more resistant.

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