A novel Ayurvedic medical fumigant powder Bhootastgandha and its effect in Combating Airborne pathogens - A detailed pharmacological activity review

Infectious diseases are becoming popular with every passing day and viral infections among them are the cause for a large number of fatalities since last two decades. All the factors including the lifestyle pave the way to reduced immunity making the human population susceptible to infections. Management of diseases is not only important; prevention of further diseases should also be of prime concern. Infectious diseases that spread through a variety of mediums like air, water etc. requires preventive measures that controls the spread of the microorganisms and keep the preventive aspect intact. Ayurveda treatment has succeeded in achieving both treatment aspect as well as preventative aspect of diseases. Dhoopana Karma is an important modality & primitive method of sterilization which can be used in preventive and curative aspect. The yoga “Bhootastagandha” is taken from the Ayurvedic compilation Sarvaroga Chikitsa Ratnam”. Learning about the practical application of the formulation, the formulation is mentioned among a group of formulations used as fumigating agents. The formulation consists of a group of 8 drugs and all the drugs on pharmacological screening is found to possess Antimicrobial, Antibacterial, Antiviral, Antifungal properties among other pharmacological actions. The details about the pharmacological activity of the drugs are collected from various research articles published. This review article mainly focuses on the phytochemical properties of the ingredient drugs as per Ayurveda classics and the utility of the formulation as an effective fumigant keeping in mind the Antimicrobial, Anti-viral, Anti –Fungal and Anti- Bacterial action of the plants.

Synthesis, characterization and biomedical applications of silver nanoparticles

Introduction and Aim:Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively useful in biomedical applications.This study aims to synthesize silver nanoparticles by lasers ablation and to use them as an anti-bacterial and anti-cancer agent. Materials and Methods:According to the current study, Ag-nanoparticles can be synthesized easily using pulsed laser ablation on a 99.81% pure silver target immersed in deionized water. The prepared nanoparticles werecharacteredbyUV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) technique.Using a well-diffusion process, the anti-bacterial action of the synthesized Ag nanoparticles was tested versus two Gram-positive bacteria species (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and two species of Gram-negative bacteria (E. coli and P. aeruginosa).The anticancer activity of the silver nanoparticles was evaluated by the MTT assay. Results:The generated AgNps had a maximum absorbance peak of 400 nm. The XRD analysis verified that the synthesized silver nanoparticles had been nanocrystalline. The AgNPsdid not affect any of the blood parameters. Gram-negative bacteria are more affected by silver than Gram-positive bacteria. The Ag nanoparticles had been shown a maximum anti-bacterial action at a concentration of 80 µg/mland had a lower effect with 20 µg/ml concentration while their efficacy at 40 and 60 µg/ml concentrationsappeared to be variable against all bacterial species.The findings show that AgNPshavea cytotoxic influence on cancer cellsin 80 ?g/ml concentration. Conclusion:In comparison to Gram-positive bacteria, silver nanoparticles show high antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. The prepared nanoparticles have a potent effect on cancer cells and restricted harmful effects on RBCs.

Synthesis and characterizations iron oxide carbon nanotubes nanocomposite by laser ablation for anti-microbial applications

Background Environmental contamination by microbes is a major public health concern. A damp environment is one of the potential sources for microbe proliferation. Smart synthesis nanocatalytic coatings on surfaces, food, and material from different pathogen bacteria can inhibit using the Fe3O4/CNTs as anti-microbial growth can effectively curb this growing threat. In this present work, the anti-microbial efficacy of synthesis of a compound nanoparticle-containing iron oxide-multi-walled carbon nanotube was combined by laser ablation PLAL and explored the anti-bacterial action of colloidal solution of Fe3O4/CNTs NPs that was evaluated against bacteria which is classified as gram-negative (Escherichia coli (E. coli), Klebsiella pneumonia (K. pneumonia), and also that is identified as gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes (S .pyogenes) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) under visible light irradiation. Results Doping of a minute fraction of iron(III) salt (0.5 mol%) in a volatile solvent (ethanol) was carried out via the sol-gel technique. Fe3O4 was further calcined at various temperatures (in the range of 500–700 °C) to evaluate the thermal stability of the Fe3O4 nanoporous oxidizer nanoparticles. The physicochemical properties of the samples were characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and UV–Visible spectroscopy techniques. XRD results revealed that the nanoparticles framework of Fe3O4 was maintained well up to 650 °C by the Fe dopant. UV–Vis results suggested that absorption property of combination Fe3O4/CNTs nanopowder by PLAL was enhanced and the band gap is reduced into 2.0 eV. Conclusions Density functional theory (DFT) studies emphasize the introduction of Fe+ and Fe2+ ions by replacing other ions in the CNT lattice, therefore creating oxygen vacancies. These further promoted anti-microbial efficiency. A significantly high bacterial inactivation that indicates results was evaluated and that the mean estimations of restraint were determined from triple assessment in every appraisal at 400 ml which represent the best anti-bacterial action against gram-positive and gram-negative microbes.

EVALUATION OF ANTI-BACTERIAL PROSPECTIVE OF MRITYUNJAYA RASA ON SALMONELLA TYPHI WITH DIFFERENT ANUPANA

Introduction: Vishama Jwara, characterised by persisting fever with various intensities, diarrhoea and body ache, can be correlated with Typhoid fever where causative organism is mentioned as Salmonella typhi. Target towards specific micro-organisms can be achieved by administering the drug with selective Anupana. In Jwara it is mentioned to administer Mrityunjaya Rasa along with various Anupana like Madhu, Aardraka Swarasa, and Jeeraka Kashaya with Guda. Though Mrityunjaya Rasa along with Anupana Jeeraka Kashaya and Guda is indicated in Vishama Jwara, extent of susceptibility of Salmonella typhi may change with selective Anupana. Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the Anti-bacterial action of Mrityunjaya Rasa on Salmonella typhi (M1), Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu anupana (M2), Mri-tyunjaya Rasa with Aardraka Swarasa anupana (M3), Mrityunjaya Rasa with Jeeraka kashaya & Guda anupana (M4). Materials and Methods: The study was carried out at S.D.M. Centre for Research in Ayur-veda and Allied Sciences, Udupi by opting well diffusion method on Salmonella typhi. Results: The results showed that Sample M1 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa and sample M3 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Aardraka Swarasa Anupana exhibited nil activity against bacteria Salmonella typhi. Sample M2 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu anupana exhibited activity in three concentrations while sample M4 (test) Mrityunjaya Rasa with Jeeraka Kashaya and Guda anupana exhibited activity in higher concentration only. Conclu-sion: Mrityunjaya Rasa with Madhu as Anupana possesses Jwaraghna and Krimighna action, if Salmonel-la typhi is taken into consideration. So, by comparing with other Anupana, it can be concluded that Madhu is proved better Anupana to be administered with Drug Mrityunjaya Rasa as it exhibited activity in lower concentration too.

Synthesis, molecular docking studies, and antimicrobial evaluation of pyrano[2, 3-c]pyrazole derivatives

A sequence of pyrano[2, 3-c]pyrazoles was constructed through promoting an eco-friendly, green, and efficient approach. M1-M25 derivatives were developed by a base-catalyzed one-pot reaction involving application of hydrazine hydrate 96%, β-keto ester as ethyl acetoacetate or diethyl malonate, aryl/heteroaryl aldehyde or isatin, and enolizable active methylene compounds with isolation of unexpected compound M2. Further on, intramolecular cyclization of compounds M10, M13 with formic acid, acetic anhydride, and formamide leads to the corresponding pyrimidine derivatives M26-M31. Afterwards, the antimicrobial activity of the compounds was evaluated and fortunately, the vast majority of the compounds showed outstanding anti-bacterial results. Besides, the potential mode of action of the synthesized compounds was determined by employing a molecular-docking study against penicillin-binding protein implicated in anti-bacterial action. Compound M21 was one of the most promising anti-bacterial agents with potential binding affinity against the penicillin-binding protein. This study shed light on novel compounds for further antimicrobial drug development.

Homodimerization and Heterodimerization Requirements of Acinetobacter baumannii SOS Response Coregulators UmuDAb and DdrR revealed by Two-Hybrid Analyses

The multi-drug resistant pathogen <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> displays unusual control of its SOS mutagenesis genes, as it does not encode a LexA repressor, but instead employs the UmuDAb repressor and a small DdrR protein that is uniquely found in <i>Acinetobacter</i> species. We used bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid analyses to determine if UmuDAb and DdrR coregulation might involve physical interactions. Neither quantitative nor qualitative assays showed UmuDAb interaction with DdrR. DdrR hybrid proteins, however, demonstrated modest head-to-tail interactions in a qualitative assay. The similarity of UmuDAb to the homodimer-forming polymerase manager UmuD and LexA repressor proteins suggested that it may form dimers, which we observed. UmuDAb homodimerization required a free C-terminus, and either small truncations or addition of a histidine tag at the C-terminus abolished this homodimerization. Amino acid N100, crucial for UmuD dimer formation, was dispensable if both C-termini were free to interact. However, mutation of G124, necessary for LexA dimerization, yielded significantly less UmuDAb dimerization, even if both C-termini were free. This suggests that UmuDAb forms dimers like LexA, but may not co-regulate gene expression involving a physical association with DdrR. The homodimerization of these coregulators provides insight into a LexA-independent, coregulatory process of controlling a conserved bacterial action such as the mutagenic DNA damage response.

Novel Nanocarriers for the Treatment of Wound Healing

The sequence of biochemical and cellular responses restoring the integrity of the subcutaneous tissue of the skin is termed as wound healing. Inflammatory cytokine suppression and inflammatory transduction cascades are the major targets for wound healing. Formulations for wound healing should promote neovascularization and angiogenic pathways by increasing the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, fibroblast growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor. Medication used for wound healing promotes antiinflammatory associated with anti-bacterial action. In order to boost the effectiveness of current medical treatments, the cutting-edge nanotechnology offers many novel therapies. This review summarized and discussed wound healing, types of wounds, natural materials used for wound healing, metallic nanoparticles and current nano drug delivery systems used for wound healing with special emphasis on the angiogenesis role in the healing of wounds.

The mouth and salivary glands

Many systemic diseases are associated with oral symptoms or signs, hence thorough examination of the lips, gums, teeth, tongue, and oropharynx should be part of any complete physical examination of a patient. Dental caries, caused by bacterial action, is one of the commonest human diseases and a cause of considerable misery. Chronic periodontal disease is the most important cause of dental loss in adults. In addition to describing these conditions, this chapter also covers potentially malignant lesions of the oral mucosa and oral cancer; viral, fungal, and bacterial infections; oral ulceration; oral manifestations of dermatological, gastroenterological, haematological, and multisystem disorders; orofacial pain syndromes; and salivary gland disorders.

Antibacterial nanosystems for cancer therapy

In this review, we introduce anti-bacterial nanosystems for cancer therapy in the aspects of spontaneous and triggered anti-bacterial action.