scholarly journals Colchicine Induced Mutation in Nigella sativa Plant for the Assessment of Morpho-Physiological and Biochemical Parameter Vis-A-Vis In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Activity

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 173-182
Author(s):  
Garima Gupta ◽  
Anjuman Gul Memon ◽  
Brijesh Pandey ◽  
Mohd Sajid Khan ◽  
Mohammed Shariq Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Nigella Sativa ◽  
Colchicine Treatment ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
P Value ◽  
Induced Mutation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Physiological And Biochemical

Background: Nigella sativa (NS), an herbaceous medicinal plant recognized for its diverse beneficial applications as a spice and traditional medicine. Objective: The present study was targeted to explore the antioxidant potential of Nigella sativa in response to colchicine-induced mutation. The stress condition brought due to mutation may affect the medicinal value (anti-inflammatory activity) of the plant. Method: Nigella sativa seeds were imperiled to colchicine treatment at various concentrations viz. 0.00625, 0.0125, 0.025, 0.05 and 0.1% subjected for analysis. Result: The colchicine treated plant (polyploid/ mutant) at 0.025% concentrations showed significant variation at morpho-physiological and biochemical level with respect to control (p value < 0.05). At the morphological level, the plant showed enlargement of shoot length (33.760±2.295mm), root length (13.546±1.535 mm), and leaf area (22.836±1.524 mm2). The analysis of seeds showed enhanced seeds per pod (49.333±4.163), weight of seeds (2.810±0.010g), length (3.133±0.089mm), and width (1.123±0.044mm) when compared with control. The physiological parameters also showed significant enhancement for stomatal index (35.456±4.751%), chlorophyll A (9.053±0.865 µg/gfw), chlorophyll B (4.990±0.763 µg/gfw), and total carotene content (773.190±5.906 µg/gfw). However, the fresh weight/ dry weight ratio (10.738±3.031) was found to be deprived. Furthermore, biochemical parameters viz. total flavonoid (seeds 1.973±0.134; plant 1.703 ± 0.064 mg eqv QE/g of tissue), total phenolic (seeds 15.690±1.495; plant 8.220±0.070 mg eqv GA/g of tissue), total carotene (seeds nil; plant 773.190±5.906 µg/gfw), and total antioxidant (seeds 0.445±0.102; plant 0.386±0.010 mM eqv AA/g tissue) were significantly elevated at 0.025% of colchicine treatment. When the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity was targeted, a significant escalation was observed for inhibition of albumin denaturation (97.466±2.835%), proteinase inhibitory activity (62.290±6.475%), heat-induced hemolysis (89.873±3.533%), hypotonicity induced hemolysis (92.572±3.527%), anti-lipoxygenase activity (96.010±3.098%), and cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity (68.296±3.920%) at 500µg/mL concentration of extract. Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that 0.025% of colchicine can induce significant (p value < 0.05) mutation in the Nigella sativa plant, which may lead to alterations at morpho-physiological and biochemical levels. Such treatment induces stress in the plant and leads to elevated antioxidant levels. This in turn elevates the therapeutic potential of the plant. Hence, our study is a novel and open-ended finding to explore various other medical properties of the plant with respect to colchicine-induced mutation.

scholarly journals ASSESSMENT OF PHYTOCHEMICALS AND IN VITRO ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF SARCOSTEMMA BRUNONIANUM WIGHT AND ARN

2021 ◽  
pp. 64-69
Author(s):  
AMALA DIVYA S. ◽  
THAMARAIKANI V. ◽  
SEKAR T.
Keyword(s):  
Medicinal Plant ◽  
Gallic Acid ◽  
Methanol Extract ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Pharmaceutical Drugs ◽  
Activity Maximum ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Objective: Sarcostemma brunonianum Wight and Arn is a potential medicinal plant belonging to Asclepiadaceae. Bioactive constituents of the plant support the application of treating various ailments in the traditional system of medicine. The study aims to determine the presence of various phytoconstituents in stem, root, and flowers. Methods: Hot percolation method was carried out to obtain crude extracts using different solvent systems from low polar-high polar solvents ranging from petroleum ether, chloroform, (mid-polar) ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Estimation of total phenols, tannins and In vitro antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated for the determination of potential pharmaceutical drugs. Results: The results revealed the presence of some phytoconstituents such as phenols, tannins, glycosides, gums and mucilages. Ascorbic acid, BSA, Rutin and Gallic acid were used as the reference standard. The total phenolic content was found to be high in stem methanol extract 440.84±69.99 mg/g Gallic acid equivalent, whereas the tannin content was 291.78±4.68 mg/g GAE. The result proves that the S. brunonianum stem methanol extract possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities when compared to reference standards. In vitro, Nitric oxide scavenging activity of stem showed a maximum % of inhibition in methanol stem extract (24.39µg/ml) and anti-inflammatory activity maximum inhibition was found to be (55.56 %) in stem methanol and flower(53.62 %). The IC50 (concentration required for 50% inhibition) was also calculated for the DPPH radical model. Conclusion: This study results proclaims and justifies the role of folklore medicinal plant S. brunonianum in the treatment of inflammatory-related ailments and can be recommended for an effective drug.

scholarly journals Изучение противовоспалительной активности экстракта змееголовника молдавского

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.N. Kurmanova ◽  
E.V. Ferubko ◽  
L.B. Strelkova ◽  
R.K. Kurmanov ◽  
O.P. Sheichenko
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Dry Extract ◽  
Low Toxic ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Inflammatory Effect

Змееголовник молдавский (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) в народной медицине используется в качестве противовоспалительного, ранозаживляющего, отхаркивающего и седативного средства. В ФГБНУ ВИЛАР разработан змееголовника молдавского травы экстракт сухой под условным названием «Люкатил» (сумма фенольных соединений 64,12% в пересчёте на цинарозид). Цель работы - изучение острой токсичности и противовоспалительной активности экстракта змееголовника для разработки на его основе лекарственного препарата. Методика. Проведено определение параметров острой токсичности и противовоспалительной активности экстракта. При изучении острой токсичности экстракта по методу Кербера использованы белые нелинейные мыши-самцы в количестве 30 особей. «Люкатил» вводили животным внутрижелудочно в дозах 500, 1000, 1500 и 2000 мг/кг. Для выявления противовоспалительной активности экстракта змееголовника молдавского использована in vitro ферментная биотест-система на основе индуцибельной NO-синтазы. Для выявления противовоспалительной активности экстракта in vivo использованы нелинейные мыши-самцы. Оценку влияния экстракта в дозе 200 мг/кг на экссудативную стадию воспаления проводили на модели 1% формалинового отёка. В качества препарата сравнения использовали индометацин (5 мг/кг). Формалиновый отёк вызывали однократным субплантарным введением под апоневроз задней правой лапки мыши 0,05 мл 1% формалина в качестве флогогенного агента. Величину отёка определяли по разнице в массе лапок контрольных и опытных животных и рассчитывали процент снижения степени отёка. Результаты. При однократном введении экстракт «Люкатил» не приводил к гибели животных, изменения внешнего вида и поведенческих реакций мышей не наблюдалось. В соответствии с классификацией токсичности химических веществ по ГОСТ 12.1.007-76 «Люкатил» является малотоксичным веществом. In vitro установлена высокая противовоспалительная активность экстракта, при этом остаточная активность iNOS снижалась до 25%. Экстракт в дозе 200 мг/кг in vivo обладал статистически значимым противовоспалительным эффектом. Он подавлял развитие экссудативной фазы воспаления на 33,7%, по сравнению с контрольной группой животных, уступая противовоспалительному эффекту индометацина. Заключение. Змееголовника молдавского травы экстракт сухой под условным названием «Люкатил» является малотоксичным веществом, обладает выраженным противовоспалительным эффектом в опытах in vitro, in vivo и является перспективным объектом для дальнейшего фармакологического изучения в качестве противовоспалительного лекарственного средства.Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) is used in traditional medicine as an anti-inflammatory, wound-healing, expectorant, and sedative means. In our Institute, a Moldavian dragonhead herb dry extract (total phenolic content, 64.12% in cynaroside equivalent) was developed and conventionally named Lyukatil. Objective. To study acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the dragonhead extract for developing a drug based on this extract. Method. Parameters of acute toxicity and anti-inflammatory activity of the extract were assessed. The study of acute toxicity of the extract was performed using the Kerber method on male white mongrel mice (n=30). Lyukatil was administered to the animals intragastrically at doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 1500 mg/kg, and 2000 mg/kg. Anti-inflammatory activity of the Moldavian dragonhead extract was determined in vitro using an enzyme Biotest system based on inducible NO synthase. Mongrel male mice were used to study the anti-inflammatory activity of the extract in vivo. The effect of the extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg on the exudative phase of inflammation was evaluated on a model of 1% formalin-induced edema. Indomethacin 5 mg/kg was used as a reference drug. Formalin edema was induced by a single subplantar injection of 0.05 ml of 1% formalin as a phlogogenic agent under the aponeurosis of the right hind leg. The degree of edema was determined by the difference in leg weights in control and experimental animals; then the decrease in edema was calculated in per cent. Results. A single administration of the extract Lyukatil did not cause death of animals, changes in the appearance or in behavioral responses, shortness of breath, or drowsiness. In accordance with the toxicity classification for chemical substances as per GOST Standard 12.1.007-76, Lyukatil is a low-toxic substance. The extract at a dose of 200 mg/kg exerted a significant anti-inflammatory effect as shown by suppression of the exudative phase of formalin-induced inflammation by 33.7% compared to the control group. However, this effect was inferior to the anti-inflammatory effect of indomethacin. Conclusions. The Moldavian dragonhead herb dry extract under the conventional name of Lyukatil is a low-toxic substance that has a significant anti-inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo and is a promising target for further pharmacological studies as an anti-inflammatory drug.

scholarly journals Phytochemical screening and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves.

Bionatura ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 1387-1393
Author(s):  
Irina Francesca González Mera ◽  
Orestes Darío López Hernández ◽  
Vivian Morera Córdova
Keyword(s):  
Total Phenolic Content ◽  
Phenolic Content ◽  
Ethanolic Extract ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Phytochemical Screening ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Epidendrum coryophorum belongs to the Orchidaceae family. Traditional uses of some species for this genus include infusions of the leaves used for kidney problems, treat influenza, conjunctivitis, liver pain, relieve kidney symptoms, and hypoglycemic effect. This work's objective was to determine the phytochemical profile of the ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves and to evaluate the potential anti-inflammatory activity in vitro of the extract employing the erythrocyte membrane stabilization method. The phytochemical screening carried out in this work suggested phenols, coumarins, flavonoids, tannins, steroids, and sterols in the ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves. Cardiotonic glycosides and carbohydrates were also found. The ethanolic extract's UV-Vis spectrum showed absorption maxima at 268 nm and 332 nm, which could correspond to flavonoids of the flavonoid classes, 3-OH substituted flavonols, or isoflavones. The quantitative determination of total phenols of the ethanolic extract was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The total phenolic content expressed as mg Gallic acid equivalent (G.A.E.) per gram of extract was found to be 19,96 mgGAE/g of Epidendrum coryophorum. The ethanolic extract of Epidendrum coryophorum leaves showed hemolysis inhibition values ​​of 18,19% at 1,0 mg/mL, 38,98% at 1,5 mg/mL and 40,94% at 2,5 mg/mL compared with aspirin (positive control) giving values ​​of 65,33% at 1,0 mg/mL, 72,26% at 1,5 mg/mL and 73,75% at 2,5 mg/mL. The values ​​obtained for inhibition of hemolysis with ethanolic extract, compared with the values ​​obtained with a pure anti-inflammatory, are significant and demonstrate anti-inflammatory activity in Epidendrum coryophorum. Keywords: Epidendrum coryophorum, total phenolic content, microencapsulation, anti-inflammatory activity

scholarly journals POTENTIAL ANTIOXIDANT, ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AND ANTIBACTERIAL EVALUATION OF EXTRACTS OF LEUCAS ASPERA USING IN VITRO MODELS

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 292 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahareen S. ◽  
Shwetha R. ◽  
Myrene R. D.
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Scavenging Activity ◽  
Membrane Stabilization ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Leucas Aspera ◽  
Ic50 Value ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Stabilization Assay

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate the potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of aqueous and methanolic extracts of leaves of <em>Leucas aspera</em> (Thumbae).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Phytochemical screening of the leaves of <em>L. aspera</em> was followed by analysis of antioxidant activity by means of DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging activity. <em>In vitro</em> anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using lipoxygenase inhibition, albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity at different concentrations. Aspirin was used as a standard drug for the study of anti‐inflammatory activity. Linear regression analysis was used to calculate half maximal inhibitory concentration, IC50 value. The zone of inhibition was performed against common pathogens to determine the antimicrobial activity at different concentrations of plant extracts (60%, 70%, 80%).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates, amino acid, alkaloids, tannins, flavonoids, glycosides, xanthoproteins, and phenols. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was found to be 2.25±0.04 mg GAE/g (gallic acid equivalents) and 1.2±0.05 mg QE/g (Quercetin equivalents) of fresh weight tissue respectively. The IC50 values for hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity were found to be 244.6 µg/ml. The extract inhibited the lipoxygenase enzyme activity with an IC50 value of 356.3 µg/ml. Maximum inhibition of heat-induced protein denaturation of 69% was observed at 400 μg/ml, IC50 249.6 μg/ml. Proteinase activity was also significantly inhibited (IC50 = 421.6 μg/ml). Membrane stabilization assay attributed minor protection by the leaf extract with an IC50 of 206.7. It was observed that <em>E. coli</em> were inhibited at all concentrations, followed by <em>Klebsiella</em> and <em>Pseudomonas</em>.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Results indicate that L. aspera possess anti-inflammatory properties due to the strong occurrence of polyphenolic compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and steroids that serve as free radical inhibitors or scavenger. Compounds of the plant L. aspera may hence be used as lead compounds for designing potent anti-inflammatory drug which can be used for treatment of various diseases.</p><p> </p>

scholarly journals Effect of Roasting and Alkalization on the Chemical Composition and In Vitro Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Cocoa

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 421-421
Author(s):  
Joshua Lambert ◽  
Talia Seymore ◽  
Qiaoqiao Dai ◽  
Gregory Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Human Colon ◽  
Sensory Characteristics ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Cocoa Beans ◽  
Inhibitory Potency ◽  
Colon Cells ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Abstract Objectives Cocoa beans undergo fermentation, roasting, and possibly alkalization prior to consumption. Cocoa and chocolate have been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects. Previous studies have shown that roasting and alkalization can adversely affect the total phenolic content (TPC) of cocoa, but the effect of these steps on bioactivity has not been well-studied. Our objective was to prepare cocoa powders using different roasting and alkalization protocols and measure their chemical composition and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity. Methods Cocoa beans were roasted (110–150°C) and alkali-treated (0 – 120 min) using a 22 + center point study design. Cocoa nibs were defatted and extracted with 70% aqueous acetone. The extract was dried prior to analysis. TPC was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Select polyphenols were quantified by liquid chromatography. In vitro anti-inflammatory activity was assessed as inhibition of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and inhibition of interleukin 8 (IL8) production by tumor necrosis factor a-stimulated HT-29 human colon cells. Results Roasting and alkalization led to decreased TPC, but alkalization had a greater effect. Cocoa beans roasted at 130°C and alkalized for 120 min had 44% lower TPC than those roasted that same way but without alkalization. In the absence of alkalization, beans roasted at 150°C had only a 13% lower TPC than beans roasted at 110°C. Roasting and alkalization also influenced the levels of individual polyphenols, but the effects varied based on the analyte of interest. Roasting tended to enhance the PLA2, inhibitory potency of the cocoa whereas alkalization reduced inhibitory potency. Cocoa that had been roasted at 150°C but not alkalized had the lowest IC50 (14 mg/mL) whereas cocoa that had been roasted at 150°C and alkalized for 120 min had the highest (&gt;100 mg/mL). Similar results were observed for inhibition of IL8 production. Conclusions Roasting and alkalization are important for achieving desired sensory characteristics in cocoa, but these processes adversely affect the levels of polyphenols in cocoa and has been considered inconsistent with maintaining bioactivity. Our results suggest that it is possible to identify processing protocols that balance the sensory characteristics of cocoa with its anti-inflammatory activity. Funding Sources This work was funded by USDA AFRI.

scholarly journals IN VITRO ANTI-INFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF 4-BENZYLPIPERIDINE

2016 ◽  
pp. 108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jayashree V ◽  
Bagyalakshmi S ◽  
Manjula Devi K ◽  
Richard Daniel D
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Protein Denaturation ◽  
In Vitro Models ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dose Dependent

<p>ABSTRACT<br />Objective: To study the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 4-benzylpiperidine.<br />Methods: This study was conducted to evaluate the in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of 4-benzylpiperidine using in vitro models such as inhibition<br />of albumin denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity.<br />Results: This study revealed the dose-dependent inhibition of protein denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity by 4-benzylpiperidine.<br />Conclusion: In the present study, results indicate that the 4-benzylpiperidine possess anti-inflammatory properties. The drug inhibited the heat<br />induced albumin denaturation and proteinase inhibitory activity. It shows dose-dependent significant activity when compared with a standard drug.<br />Hence, this study gives an idea that the 4-benzylpiperidine can be used as a lead compound for designing a potent anti-inflammatory drug which can<br />be used to cure inflammation.<br />Keywords: Anti-inflammatory activity, 4-Benzylpiperidine, Protein denaturation, Proteinase inhibitory activity.</p>

scholarly journals Formulation and Evaluation of Poly Herbal Liqui-Solid Compact for its Anti-Inflammatory Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 3883-3899
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Hibiscus Cannabinus ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Disintegration Time ◽  
Test Species ◽  
Powder Formulation ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

Liquisolid approach is a potential method due to the ease in the production process, low cost, and manufacturing process because of their strong flow and compaction properties. The study's main goal is to create a liquisolid powder formulation from the polyherbal extract and evaluate its anti-inflammatory activity. Hibiscus cannabinus, Murraya koenigii, and Tabernaemontana divaricate are used to formulating polyherbal Liquisolid powder formulation to assess their anti-inflammatory action. The formulation is tested for its stability studies and anti-inflammatory activity, both in-vitro and in-vivo. The polyherbal liquisolid powder formulation (F5) has a minimum strength of 1kg/cm 2, while F2 & F6 strength was 4 kg/cm2; FTIR studies showed no interactions between drug and excipients. To confirm the liquisolid powder formulation, further evaluations on friability, hardness, disintegration time, dissolution rate, and Differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray powder diffraction analysis were determined. The polyherbal extract's anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated using the paw edema and cotton pellet method, and the results are found to exhibit its inhibitory activity. The polyherbal extract of Liquisolid powder formulation was evaluated, and it showed a promising inhibitory activity to overcome the inflammation in the test species. Hence it can be used as an alternative therapy for curing inflammation.

scholarly journals In Vitro Anti-inflammatory and Xanthine Oxidase Inhibitory Activity of Tephrosia purpurea Shoot Extract

2011 ◽  
Vol 6 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1100601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shivraj H. Nile ◽  
Chandrahasy N. Khobragade
Keyword(s):  
Xanthine Oxidase ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Diene Conjugate ◽  
Tephrosia Purpurea ◽  
Oxidase Enzyme ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The methanolic extract of Tephrosia purpurea (Leguminosae) shoots was evaluated in-vitro for its anti-inflammatory and xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity. Anti-inflammatory activity was measured by the Diene-conjugate, HET-CAM and β-glucuronidase methods. The enzyme inhibitory activity was tested against isolated cow milk xanthine oxidase. The average anti-inflammatory activity of T. purpurea shoot extract in the concentration range of 1-2 μg/mL in the reacting system revealed significant anti-inflammatory activities, which, as recorded by the Diene-conjugate, HET-CAM and β-glucuronidase assay methods, were 45.4, 10.5, and 70.5%, respectively. Screening of the xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity of the extract in terms of kinetic parameters revealed a mixed type of inhibition, wherein the Km and Vmax values in the presence of 25 to 100 μg/mL shoot extract was 0.20 mM/mL and 0.035, 0.026, 0.023 and 0.020 μg/min, while, for the positive control, the Km and Vmax values were 0.21 mM/mL and 0.043 μg/min, respectively. These findings suggest that T. purpurea shoot extract may possess constituents with good medicinal properties that could be exploited to treat the diseases associated with oxidative stress, xanthine oxidase enzyme activity and inflammation.

The Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Pentacyclic Triterpenes In Vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 138-139 ◽  
pp. 1174-1178
Author(s):  
Li Ming Bai ◽  
Fan Xu Meng ◽  
Li Jie Zhao ◽  
Ming Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Ursolic Acid ◽  
Inhibitory Activity ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Nerium Oleander ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Pentacyclic Triterpenes ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

The Anti-inflammatory activity of pentacyclic triterpenes, oleananes (1,2), urasanes (3-11), lupanes (12,13), taraxasteranes (14,15), which isolated from Nerium oleander L, were examined. Ursolic acid (5) showed significant activity and compounds (1, 12) and (14) showed weak to modelate activity toward inhibitory activity on ICAM-1 expression.

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