scholarly journals RDR Application: An Accurate HTHP Rheological Modeling for The Sulphonated Water-Based Drilling Fluid

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 251-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Xu ◽  
Han Gao ◽  
Ming-biao Xu ◽  
Fu-chang You ◽  
Xiao-liang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Model ◽  
Predictive Accuracy ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Rate Coefficients ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Rheological Modeling ◽  
Modeling Strategy

Introduction: An accurate HTHP rheological model of drilling fluids is critical for the safe and economic drilling operation. However, general HTHP rheological modeling methods appear to be very limited in the predictive accuracy. Materials and Method: In this work, a particular relative dial readings(RDR) modeling experiment was conducted on a weighted sulphonated water-based drilling fluid within a certain temperature and pressure range(30-150°C, 0.1-100MPa), in combination to dial reading data of six specific shear rates 3, 6, 100, 200, 300, and 600rpm, to develop a highly accurate HTHP rheological model. The RDR modeling procedure was investigated in details, including relative dial reading, Arrhenius relation, polynomial of pressure coefficients, and polynomial of shear rate coefficients. An equation relating RDR to temperature, pressure, and shear rate was determined. Results: The predictive deviation was calculated to be lower than 11.7%, and large errors occurred under the conditions of high pressure and low shear rates; all of which meet the requirement of in-field predictive accuracy. These results not only provide an accurate HTHP rheological equation for the weighted sulphonated water-based drilling fluid, but also propose an effective HTHP rheological modeling strategy for drilling fluids.

Characterization of the Rheological Behavior of Drilling Fluids

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Rheological Behavior ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
The One ◽  
Shear Stress Response

Abstract It is nowadays well accepted that the steady state rheological behavior of drilling fluids must be modelled by at least three parameters. One of the most often used models is the yield power law, also referred as the Herschel-Bulkley model. Other models have been proposed like the one from Robertson-Stiff, while other industries have used other three-parameter models such as the one from Heinz-Casson. Some studies have been made to compare the degree of agreement between different rheological models and rheometer measurements but in most cases, already published works have only used mechanical rheometers that have a limited number of speeds and precision. For this paper, we have taken measurements with a scientific rheometer in well-controlled conditions of temperature and evaporation, and for relevant shear rates that are representative to normally encountered drilling operation conditions. Care has been made to minimize the effect of thixotropy on measurements, as the shear stress response of drilling fluids depends on its shear history. Measurements have been made at different temperatures, for various drilling fluid systems (both water and oil-based), and with variable levels of solid contents. Also, the shear rate reported by the rheometer itself, is corrected to account for the fact that the rheometer estimates the wall shear rate on the assumption that the tested fluid is Newtonian. A measure of proximity between the measurements and a rheological model is defined, thereby allowing the ranking of different rheological behavior model candidates. Based on the 469 rheograms of various drilling fluids that have been analyzed, it appears that the Heinz-Casson model describes most accurately the rheological behavior of the fluid samples, followed by the model of Carreau, Herschel-Bulkley and Robertson-Stiff, in decreasing order of fidelity.

scholarly journals Viscosity Models for Drilling Fluids—Herschel-Bulkley Parameters and Their Use

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Jan David Ytrehus
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Yield Point ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Thermodynamic Quantities ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Viscosity Measurements ◽  
Viscosity Models ◽  
Mineralogical Compositions

An evaluation is presented of the practical usage of the Herschel-Bulkley viscosity model for drilling fluids. If data from automatic viscosity measurements exist, the parameters should be selected from relevant shear rate ranges to be applicable. To be able to be used properly, viscosity measurements must be measured with a sufficient accuracy. It is shown that a manual reading of standard viscometers may yield insufficient accuracy. It is also shown that the use of yield point/plastic viscosity (YP/PV) as measured using API or ISO standards normally provide inaccurate viscosity parameters. The use of the Herschel-Bulkley model using dimensionless shear rates is more suitable than the traditional way of writing this model when the scope is to compare different drilling fluids. This approach makes it also easier to make correlations with thermodynamic quantities like pressure and temperature or chemical or mineralogical compositions of the drilling fluid.

Modelling of Drilling Fluid Thixotropy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Amare Leulseged
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Time Dependence ◽  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Pump Flow Rate ◽  
Drilling Operations

Drilling fluids are visco-elastic materials, i.e. they behave as a viscous fluid when subject to a sufficient shear stress and like an elastic solid otherwise. Both their elastic and viscous properties are time-dependent, i.e. drilling fluids are thixotropic. Because of thixotropy, it takes a finite time before the effective viscosity of a drilling fluid attains an equilibrium when the fluid is subject to a change of shear rate. This effect is visible when one changes the applied shear rate in a rheometer, as the fluid will gradually adapt to the new shearing conditions. When the velocity of a drilling fluid changes, for instance due to a change in pump flow rate, movement of the drill string, or change of flow geometry, the fluid will exhibit a time-dependent response to the new shearing conditions, requiring a certain time to reach the new equilibrium condition. Unfortunately, the time-dependence of the rheological properties of drilling fluids are usually not measured during drilling operations and therefore it is difficult to estimate how thixotropy impacts pressure losses in drilling operations. For that reason, we have systematically measured the time-dependence of the rheological properties of several samples of water-based, oil-based and micronized drilling fluids with a scientific rheometer in order to capture how drilling fluids systems respond to variations of shear rates. Based on these measurements, we propose to investigate how one existing thixotropic model manages to predict the shear stress as a function of the shear rate while accounting for the shear history and gelling conditions. Then we propose a modified model that fits better, overall, with the measurements even though there are still noticeable discrepancies, especially when switching back to low shear rates.

Application of the Quemada Viscosity Model for Drilling Fluids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Knutsen ◽  
Eric Cayeux ◽  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Mahmoud Khalifeh
Keyword(s):  
Shear Rate ◽  
Yield Stress ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Model Fit ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Rate Dependent ◽  
Dependent Viscosity ◽  
Very High

Abstract A number of different models are used to describe the shear rate dependent viscosity of drilling fluids. Most, such as the Herschel-Bulkley model, have a purely empirical basis. The Quemada model, while still empirical, is based on physical principles. It is based on the notion that structural units develop in the fluid at low shear rates which are then partially broken down as the applied shear rate increases. In the current work, drilling fluid rheological data are fitted to the Herschel-Bulkley and the Quemada model. The development of the Quemada model and the calculation of each model parameter are presented. We show that the Quemada model better fits measurements over a wider range of shear rates than the Herschel-Bulkley model. We describe how to select the parameters of the Quemada model. Knowing the difficulty of obtaining a known shear rate for fluids with yield stresses, we discuss how this can affect the quality of the Quemada model fit. Furthermore, in principle, the Quemada model is not applicable in presence a non-zero yield stress. Therefore, we show how to handle the yield stress using a (very high) zero shear rate viscosity.

Impact of Various Nanoparticles on the Viscous Properties of Water Based Drilling Fluids

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Awais Ashfaq Alvi ◽  
Mesfin Belayneh ◽  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Sulalit Bandyopadhyay
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Surface Charges ◽  
Cleaning Efficiency ◽  
Shear Rates ◽  
Nanosized Materials ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Multi Walled Carbon Nanotubes ◽  
Pump Pressure

Abstract Properly designed drilling fluid is a key element in achieving safe and effective drilling operations. Rheological parameters of drilling fluid determine the equivalent circulation density, the pump pressure, and hole cleaning efficiency. Also, they have a significant role in predicting the stability of drilling fluid under static and low shear rates. The chemical composition of the drilling fluid controls the rheological parameters. Recently, studies have shown that a small concentration of nanosized materials in the drilling fluid can substantially impact the rheological parameters of the drilling fluids. In this study, various nanoparticles (NPs) with different shapes, sizes, and surface charges were used to investigate their impact on the viscous properties of water-based drilling fluid. Bentonite and KCl water-based drilling fluids were used as the base fluids. NPs such as Iron oxide, Silica (SiO2), and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to these base fluids. Also, surface functionalization of the NPs with polymer and functional groups such as -OH and -COOH groups was done to compare the effect of bare NPs with surface functionalized NPs. Hershel-Buckley model with dimensionless shear rates was used to calculate the low and high shear curvature exponents, surplus stress, and yield stress of the samples. Results indicate that NPs alter drilling fluid’s viscous properties based on their sizes, shapes, and surface charges. Moreover, the functionalization of NPs also modifies the properties based on the functional group attached to the NPs surface. This work shows that changing the size, shape, and surface charge of NPs has impact on viscous parameters, and NPs with different properties can fine-tune the fluid’s viscous properties based on the requirement for drilling fluid.

scholarly journals Wet Drilled Cuttings Bed Rheology

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644
Author(s):  
Camilo Pedrosa ◽  
Arild Saasen ◽  
Bjørnar Lund ◽  
Jan David Ytrehus
Keyword(s):  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Parallel Plates ◽  
Single Particles ◽  
Cuttings Transport ◽  
Transport Studies ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
External Forces ◽  
Cuttings Bed

The cuttings transport efficiency of various drilling fluids has been studied in several approaches. This is an important aspect, since hole cleaning is often a bottleneck in well construction. The studies so far have targeted the drilling fluid cuttings’ transport capability through experiments, simulations or field data. Observed differences in the efficiency due to changes in the drilling fluid properties and compositions have been reported but not always fully understood. In this study, the cuttings bed, wetted with a single drilling fluid, was evaluated. The experiments were performed with parallel plates in an Anton Paar Physica 301 rheometer. The results showed systematic differences in the internal friction behaviors between tests of beds with oil-based and beds with water-based fluids. The observations indicated that cutting beds wetted with a polymeric water-based fluid released clusters of particles when external forces overcame the bonding forces and the beds started to break up. Similarly, it was observed that an oil-based fluid wetted bed allowed particles to break free as single particles. These findings may explain the observed differences in previous cutting transport studies.

Annular Frictional Pressure Losses During Drilling—Predicting the Effect of Drillstring Rotation

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arild Saasen
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Pressure Loss ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Axial Flow ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Unstable Flow ◽  
Pressure Losses ◽  
Shear Dependent Viscosity ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Dependent Viscosity

Controlling the annular frictional pressure losses is important in order to drill safely with overpressure without fracturing the formation. To predict these pressure losses, however, is not straightforward. First of all, the pressure losses depend on the annulus eccentricity. Moving the drillstring to the wall generates a wider flow channel in part of the annulus which reduces the frictional pressure losses significantly. The drillstring motion itself also affects the pressure loss significantly. The drillstring rotation, even for fairly small rotation rates, creates unstable flow and sometimes turbulence in the annulus even without axial flow. Transversal motion of the drillstring creates vortices that destabilize the flow. Consequently, the annular frictional pressure loss is increased even though the drilling fluid becomes thinner because of added shear rate. Naturally, the rheological properties of the drilling fluid play an important role. These rheological properties include more properties than the viscosity as measured by API procedures. It is impossible to use the same frictional pressure loss model for water based and oil based drilling fluids even if their viscosity profile is equal because of the different ways these fluids build viscosity. Water based drilling fluids are normally constructed as a polymer solution while the oil based are combinations of emulsions and dispersions. Furthermore, within both water based and oil based drilling fluids there are functional differences. These differences may be sufficiently large to require different models for two water based drilling fluids built with different types of polymers. In addition to these phenomena washouts and tool joints will create localised pressure losses. These localised pressure losses will again be coupled with the rheological properties of the drilling fluids. In this paper, all the above mentioned phenomena and their consequences for annular pressure losses will be discussed in detail. North Sea field data is used as an example. It is not straightforward to build general annular pressure loss models. This argument is based on flow stability analysis and the consequences of using drilling fluids with different rheological properties. These different rheological properties include shear dependent viscosity, elongational viscosity and other viscoelastic properties.

ENVIRONMENTAL DRILLING SOLUTIONS ON THE POLYMERIC BASIS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.A. Flik ◽  
◽  
Y.E. Kolodyazhnaya
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Fluid Systems ◽  
Water Based

The article assesses the environmental safety of drilling fluids that are currently widely used in the oil and gas industry. It shows active development of water-based drilling fluid systems using xanthan biopolymer.

Full Scale Flow Loop Experiments of Hole Cleaning Performances of Drilling Fluids

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan David Ytrehus ◽  
Ali Taghipour ◽  
Sneha Sayindla ◽  
Bjørnar Lund ◽  
Benjamin Werner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Test Section ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Flow Loop ◽  
Base Oil ◽  
Hole Cleaning ◽  
Cleaning Performance ◽  
Water Based ◽  
Fluid Properties ◽  
Drilling Cost

One important requirement for a drilling fluid is the ability to transport the cuttings out of the borehole. Improved hole cleaning is a key to solve several challenges in the drilling industry and will allow both longer wells and improved quality of well construction. It has been observed, however, that drilling fluids with similar properties according to the API standard can have significantly different behavior with respect to hole cleaning performance. The reasons for this are not fully understood. This paper presents results from flow loop laboratory tests without and with injected cuttings size particles using a base oil and a commercial oil based drilling fluid. The results demonstrate the importance of the rheological properties of the fluids for the hole cleaning performance. A thorough investigation of the viscoelastic properties of the fluids was performed with a Fann viscometer and a Paar-Physica rheometer, and was used to interpret the results from the flow loop experiments. Improved understanding of the fluid properties relevant to hole cleaning performance will help develop better models of wellbore hydraulics used in planning of well operations. Eventually this may lead to higher ROP with water based drilling fluids as obtained with oil based drilling fluids. This may ease cuttings handling in many operations and thereby significantly reduce the drilling cost using (normally) more environmentally friendly fluids. The experiments have been conducted as part of an industry-sponsored research project where understanding the hole cleaning performance of various oil and water based drilling fluids is the aim. The experiments have been performed under realistic conditions. The flow loop includes a 10 meter long test section with 2″ OD freely rotating drillstring inside a 4″ ID wellbore made of concrete. Sand particles were injected while circulating the drilling fluid through the test section in horizontal position.

Application of R/S Rheometer in Low Temperature Drilling Fluid Rheology Determination

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 3114-3118
Author(s):  
Xiao Ling Jiang ◽  
Zong Ming Lei ◽  
Kai Wei
Keyword(s):  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Rate ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Drilling Fluids ◽  
Rheological Parameter ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Fluid Rheology ◽  
Rotary Viscometer

With six-speed rotary viscometer measuring the rheology of drilling fluid at low temperature, during the high-speed process, the drilling fluid temperature is not constant at low temperature, which leads to the inaccuracy in rheological measurement. When R/S rheometer is used cooperating with constant low-temperature box , the temperature remains stable during the process of determining the drilling fluid rheology under low temperature. The R/S rheometer and the six-speed rotational viscometer are both coaxial rotational viscometers, but they work in different ways and the two cylindrical clearance between them are different.How to make two viscometer determination result can maintain consistent?The experimental results show that, The use of R/S rheometer, with the shear rate for 900s-1 shear stress values instead of six speed rotary viscometer shear rate for 1022s-1 shear stress values.Then use two-point formula to calculate rheological parameters.The R/S rheometer rheological parameter variation with temperature has a good linear relationship,Can better reflect the rheological properties of drilling fluids with low temperature changerule

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